Chapter 22 Respiratory System Essay
Ch 22: The Respiratory System 5-2
Objectives
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. 2. Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the following: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. 3. List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system. 4. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures. 5. Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane, and relate structure to function. 6. Describe the gross structure of the lungs and pleurae.
Mechanics of Breathing 7. Explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists …show more content…
Oxygen Transport (pp. 830–832; Figs. 22.20–22.21) 1. Because molecular oxygen is poorly soluble in the blood, only 1.5% is dissolved in plasma, while the remaining 98.5% must be carried on hemoglobin. a. Up to four oxygen molecules can be reversibly bound to a molecule of hemoglobin—one oxygen on each iron. b. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with each successive oxygen that is bound or released, making oxygen loading and unloading very efficient. 2. At higher plasma partial pressures of oxygen, hemoglobin unloads little oxygen, but if plasma partial pressure falls dramatically, such as during vigorous exercise, much more oxygen can be unloaded to the tissues. 3. Temperature, blood pH, Pco2, and the amount of BPG in the blood all influence hemoglobin saturation at a given partial pressure. B. Carbon Dioxide Transport (pp. 832–834; Fig. 22.22) 1. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: 7–10% is dissolved in plasma, 20% is carried on hemoglobin bound to globins, and 70% exists as bicarbonate, an important buffer of blood pH. 2. The Haldane Effect encourages CO2 exchange in the lungs and tissues: When plasma partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin decrease, more CO2 can be carried in the
Objectives
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. 2. Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the following: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. 3. List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system. 4. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures. 5. Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane, and relate structure to function. 6. Describe the gross structure of the lungs and pleurae.
Mechanics of Breathing 7. Explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists …show more content…
Oxygen Transport (pp. 830–832; Figs. 22.20–22.21) 1. Because molecular oxygen is poorly soluble in the blood, only 1.5% is dissolved in plasma, while the remaining 98.5% must be carried on hemoglobin. a. Up to four oxygen molecules can be reversibly bound to a molecule of hemoglobin—one oxygen on each iron. b. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with each successive oxygen that is bound or released, making oxygen loading and unloading very efficient. 2. At higher plasma partial pressures of oxygen, hemoglobin unloads little oxygen, but if plasma partial pressure falls dramatically, such as during vigorous exercise, much more oxygen can be unloaded to the tissues. 3. Temperature, blood pH, Pco2, and the amount of BPG in the blood all influence hemoglobin saturation at a given partial pressure. B. Carbon Dioxide Transport (pp. 832–834; Fig. 22.22) 1. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: 7–10% is dissolved in plasma, 20% is carried on hemoglobin bound to globins, and 70% exists as bicarbonate, an important buffer of blood pH. 2. The Haldane Effect encourages CO2 exchange in the lungs and tissues: When plasma partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin decrease, more CO2 can be carried in the