Chem 121

Chapter 14 Lecture Outline
Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard
University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Organic Compounds that Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Four families of compounds that contain a C atom singly bonded to O, S, or X (F, Cl, Br, or I) are: 1. Alcohols, which contain an OH (hydroxyl) group

2. Ethers, which have two alkyl groups bonded to an O atom

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Organic Compounds that Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
3. Alkyl halides, which contain a halogen atom X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I)

4. Thiols, which contain a SH (sulfhydryl) group

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Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (OH) group.

•Alcohols are classified by the number of C atoms bonded to the C with the OH group.

A primary (1o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 1 C atom.
1o
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Structure and Properties of Alcohols
A secondary (2o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 2 C atoms.

2o

3o

A tertiary (3o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 3 C atoms.
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Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•An alcohol contains an O atom with a bent shape like H2O, with a bond angle of 109.5o.

•Alcohols have two polar bonds, C—O and O—H, with a bent shape, therefore it has a net dipole.

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Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols have an H atom bonded to an O atom, making them capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

•All of these properties give alcohols much stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes and alkenes.
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Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Therefore, alcohols have higher boiling and melting points than hydrocarbons of comparable size and shape.

stronger intermolecular forces higher boiling and melting point
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Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols are soluble in organic solvents. •Low molecular weight alcohols (6 C’s or less) are soluble in water. •Higher molecular