Chemistry: Production of Material
The Identification and Production of Materials
1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of other substances.
Students Learn To:
.2 Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum.
• Ethylene is produced either from natural gas or crude oil, which are mixtures of hydrocarbons.
One method involves…
Cracking: a process by which hydrocarbons with higher molecular masses are converted to hydrocarbons of lower molecular mass. (Endothermic reaction)
• The chemical bonds within the hydrocarbon molecules are broken. • Catalytic cracking is done at lower temperatures due to the presence of a catalyst, (zeolite). • The catalyst lowers the activation energy as a result of forming a large inner surface area where the cracking reaction occurs on the inner surface of the catalyst.
Another way ethylene is produced . . .
• Steam (thermal) cracking: ethane is mixed with steam and are pumped into a steam cracker at very high temperatures (750– 900oC) and passed through hot metal coils. The heat from the coils breaks the bonds to change the ethane, or the larger hydrocarbons to ethylene.
C2H6 ( C2H4 + H2
.3 Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond is readily transformed into many useful products.
Alkenes: more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the C=C double bond, which can be broken and join up with other molecules to form a polymer. (Addition reaction)
• The double bond present in ethene is broken, causing two free electrons to become available. • This allows other substances to react with ethene and an addition reaction occurs. • In alkanes, only a substitution reaction occurs which requires a catalyst – limiting their use. • Ethene can be transformed into many products because of the high reactivity of its double bond, it can be transformed into:
1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of other substances.
Students Learn To:
.2 Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum.
• Ethylene is produced either from natural gas or crude oil, which are mixtures of hydrocarbons.
One method involves…
Cracking: a process by which hydrocarbons with higher molecular masses are converted to hydrocarbons of lower molecular mass. (Endothermic reaction)
• The chemical bonds within the hydrocarbon molecules are broken. • Catalytic cracking is done at lower temperatures due to the presence of a catalyst, (zeolite). • The catalyst lowers the activation energy as a result of forming a large inner surface area where the cracking reaction occurs on the inner surface of the catalyst.
Another way ethylene is produced . . .
• Steam (thermal) cracking: ethane is mixed with steam and are pumped into a steam cracker at very high temperatures (750– 900oC) and passed through hot metal coils. The heat from the coils breaks the bonds to change the ethane, or the larger hydrocarbons to ethylene.
C2H6 ( C2H4 + H2
.3 Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond is readily transformed into many useful products.
Alkenes: more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the C=C double bond, which can be broken and join up with other molecules to form a polymer. (Addition reaction)
• The double bond present in ethene is broken, causing two free electrons to become available. • This allows other substances to react with ethene and an addition reaction occurs. • In alkanes, only a substitution reaction occurs which requires a catalyst – limiting their use. • Ethene can be transformed into many products because of the high reactivity of its double bond, it can be transformed into: