The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Farrer Straus giroux,2011. The purpose of Phillip Hoose’s writing “Claudette Colvin twice toward justice” is about an African American girl who fought for what was right in the boycott/ the bus situation. Hoose Phillips wrote “Claudette Colvin twice toward justice” to prove that you should stand up for your rights.…
Linda Brown was an African American girl who tried to attend a less-crowded white school close to her home in Topeka, Kansas but, because of her race, she had to travel away of town in order to attend an African American school. In 1951, Linda’s father challenge the segregated law in schools based on the equal protection guarantee in the fourteenth amendment. The district court ruled in favor of the School Board of Topeka based on…
Throughout the chapters, Shetterly also describes the sacrifices the women made regarding their personal lives, such as Dorothy Vaughn who knew that her departure would "complicate her marriage with Howard, in which time spent apart was already measured in week or months rather than days." Additionally, the author continues to support her thesis by stating specific legislations that had passed during this time that benefited or disadvantaged the Colored people. The author speaks about one legislation when she states, "In 1946. the Supreme Court, in Morgan v. Virginia, held that segregation on interstate buses was illegal." By including the historical turning points within the book, Shetterly is revealing to the audience that during that while these women were battling to prove their intelligence, minorities were battling to gain their civil rights, as well.…
Professor of History at the University of Tennessee Knoxville, Dr. Cynthia Griggs Fleming is qualified author of this literature. Her specialties are in twentieth century United States Cultural and Social History particularly in the modern civil rights movement, race relations, and black educational history. She teaches a survey course in African Americans studies, as well as course in a course in Black in Film, History and Philosophy of African American Education, African American Women in American Society, and Civil Rights course. Cynthia Flemings have written heavily on the civil right movement. Not only did this she write this book, but has published articles on black activism and African American identity in journal such as The Journal of Negro History, The Tennessee Historical Quarterly, The Journal of Woman’s History, and The Irish Journal of American History. Dr. Fleming also is writing the authorized biography of C.T. Vivian and the impact of civil rights movement on the Alabama Black Belt County.…
Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939 in Alabama. Claudette is well known for a few things but this is the most important. On March 2nd 1955 she refuses to move seats for a white woman and is punished. She was drug off the bus by the police and brought to jail. She became one of the four plaintiffs in “Browder vs Gayle” which ruled that that Montgomery's segregated bus-system was unfair for many people.…
Can you imagine being denied the right to read and write all because of the color of your skin? Mary Jane McLeod Bethune was denied this right when a white child snached a book away from her because it was illegal for a black person to learn how to read (Hine, 2000). Mary McLeod Bethune was born on July 10, 1875 by Mayesville, South Carolina. She was an educator, civil rights leader, and government official who founded the National Council of Negro Women and Bethune-Cookman College (“National Council of Negro Women, Inc.” n.d.). Bethune’s impressive life inspired women to become anything they wanted to be by helping pave the way for black women education. Mary Jane McLeod Bethune died May 18, 1955 in Daytona Beach, Florida at the age of 79 and although she is gone her legacy lives on…
The Arkansas Little Rock Nine were 9 students that were chosen to start to the process of integration as a result of the Brown .v. Board of Education court decision. They were chosen to integrate to Central High, a previously white only school. This, however, did not come without its troubles. Many white people all across the U.S. were raged by the idea of integration and put up a fierce fight against the Little Rock Nine. Reading the book Warriors Don’t Cry, which is by Melba Beals, a member of the Little Rock Nine, I realized that the book was starting to inform my own understanding about injustice through its different perspectives in three ways: Showing me the difference that the Little Rock Nine made, displaying the amount of injustice despite the Brown .v. Board of Education decision, and lastly by opening my eyes to the pain African-Americans had suffered due to being…
Due to the color of her skin, “some black leaders believed she was too dark-skinned, and too young to be an effective symbol of injustice for the rest of the nation.” (The First “Rosa Parks”) The use of the words dark-skinned takes away the powerful message Colvin tried to prove. It was a moment of a young black girl believing in the right she rightfully should have, the focus on her skin belittles the impact it has towards the…
Background Claudette Colvin was a social justice leader who fought for civil rights. Colvin grew up with the Jim Crow laws, she grew up understanding that being black you had to be considered inferior to those who were white. Colvin never truly understood why people would sit quietly when their rights were being violated. Colvin was only 15-years-old, when she refused to give up her seat in the bus prior to Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat. Colvin protested through civil disobedience.…
Historians pointed out that the fight for desegregation started quicker than most people think. Long before the Brown v Board of Education in 1954. The movement to oppose segregation didn’t just spring out one day after World War II racial injustice. Nor did it arrive in 1954 in the form of a Supreme Court decision. Lot’s of black American’s consistently challenged the laws much earlier. The growing movement in the 1950’s and 60’s extended from and connected to these earlier efforts.…
In 1954, the United States Supreme Court declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional in the groundbreaking case, “Brown v. Board of Education.” The court’s ruling was the first step towards integration and served as a catalyst to the civil rights movement. Three years following this landmark ruling, Daisy Bates, President of Arkansas’s branch of the National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) recruited nine students in an attempt to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.…
I decide to interview my neighbor Claudette Romano. She is a 67-year-old white female living with her husband Richard Romano. She was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana in 1944. Even before she was born she experienced inequality while in her mother’s stomach. Her father was in the United States Force and lived with his wife in the Chennault Air Force Base. Her mother was forced to leave the base because they couldn’t have children on base. Furthermore, her mother worked as a drafter, which was unusual for women to do. Unfortunately, days before her mother gave birth, she had to quit her job. The reason was because they didn’t have maternal leave for women so she would’ve gotten laid off anyways. After about until she was 4 her mother got a job again and her aunt took care of her. She played with her cousins one a boy and one a girl. She wasn’t experiencing inequality yet, because her parents let her play with toy cars and dolls. Claudette said, “I had a whole collection of toy cars, but I did have my doll sets.” In her early childhood years she attended class with boys and girls, but she did have segregation amongst African American kids. She also said “I never noticed inequality until you told me what it was, because it was part of the culture.” What she means by this is that in high school females and males had different and separated gym classes. Females played sports like basketball, volleyball, and softball, while on the other hand males played Football, Frisbee, and ran Track. Claudette then advanced her education by attending The University of Louisiana at Laffite. She then told me the hassles of her being a female began. Claudette said to me that she wanted to major in architecture and took various classes to pressure her career. One problem she came across was that some Male teachers refused to teacher her. She also came across people consulting her to peruse a different career. She was the only woman…
Prior to me reading “Justice older than the law”, I had no prior knowledge as to who Dovey Johnson Roundtree was. As a young black civil and social activist, I was baffled by my lack of knowledge of this brilliant, inspiring, and cultivating African American women. Dovey Johnson Roundtree was extremely passionate, well qualified, and empathetic when it came down to the needs human beings across this very nation. Although she embodied such charisma and joy, she lived in a perpetuating system, which made it its duty to subjugate and oppress its constituents of color. This overbearing feeling of fear continuously consumed the body of this woman, and it became the deciding factor in her decision to make a change. The story presented in the pages…
Wars and struggles have occurred over this issue and still to this day we have violence against discrimination. This story helped to open my eyes to the hatred African Americans endured, even those of royal…
Racism and segregation have been and always will be alive in some forms in the United Sates and around the world. Racism and segregation are terrible by themselves, but seeing how people deal with them can make matters worse. Some of the best examples of the ways people dealt with these issues were shown in the poems “I, Too” and “White Lies”. In the poem “I, Too” by Langston Hughes, Hughes describes an African American’s willingness and courage to fight, when experiencing racism and segregation. But in the poem “White Lies” by Natasha Trethewey, Trethewey represents the lengths to which an African American would go in order to avoid standing up for herself or her race.…