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Climate Profile India
Government of India Ministry of Earth Sciences India Meteorological Department
Met Monograph No. Environment Meteorology-01/2010

CLIMATE PROFILE OF INDIA
S. D. Attri and Ajit Tyagi

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Met Monograph No. Environment Meteorology-01/2010

CLIMATE PROFILE OF INDIA
Contribution to the Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment (NATIONAL COMMUNICATION-II) Ministry of Environment and Forests

S D Attri and Ajit Tyagi

India Meteorological Department Ministry of Earth Sciences New Delhi 2010

Copyright © 2010 by India Meteorological Department All Rights Reserved.

Disclaimer and Limitations IMD is not responsible for any errors and omissions. The geographical boundaries shown in the publication do not necessarily correspond to the political boundaries.

Published in India By Environment Monitoring and Research Centre, India Meteorological Department, Lodi Road, New Delhi- 110003 (India) Phone: 91-11-24620701 Email: met_emu@yahoo.com

PREFACE
The beginnings of meteorology in India can be traced to ancient times from the philosophical writings of the Vedic period, contain serious discussion about the processes of cloud formation and rain and the seasonal cycles caused by the movement of earth round the sun. But, the Modern Meteorology is regarded to have had its firm scientific foundation in the 17th century after the invention of thermometer, barometer and the formulation of laws governing the behaviour of atmospheric gases. India is fortunate to have some of the oldest meteorological observatories of the world like those at Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1785 and Madras (now Chennai) in 1796 for studying the weather and climate of India India Meteorological



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Deptt., 2005, Climatological Features of Drought Incidences in India. IMD, 2006, “Trends in precipitation extremes over India”, NCC Research Report No, 3/2006. India Met. Dept., 2008, ‘Cyclone eAtlas – IMD’ CD. IMD, 2008, Track of storm and depressions over the Indian Seas during 1891-2007, ‘Cyclone e-Atlas of IMD’, published by IMD. IMD Annual Climate Summary, 2009, published by National Climate Centre, Pune. IMD, 2010, www.imd.gov.in. INNCA, 2009, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi IPCC, 2007, Climate Change 2007, The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press, U.K. Joshi, U.R. and Rajeevan, M., 2006; “Trends in precipitation extremes over India” published by National Climate Centre, Pune, NCC Research Report No, 3/2006. 118 Kalsi, S.R., Jayanthi, N., Raj, Y.E.A. and Bhowmik, S.K.R., 2007, “Probable maximum storm surge heights for the maritime districts of India”, IMD, Met. Monograph No. Synoptic Meteorology – 5/2007 Kiehl, J. T., and K. E. Trenberth, 1997, Earth 's annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78:197-208. Kothawale, D.R. and Rupa Kumar, K., 2002, “Tropospheric temperature variation over India and links with the Indian Summer Monsoon”, Mausam, 2002, 53, 3, 289-308. Krishna Kumar, K., 2009, Impact of Climate Change on India’s Monsoonal Climate and Development of High Resolution Climate Change Scenarios for India, MoEF, New Delhi. Krishna Nand and Maske, S.J., 1983, Atmospheric measurements with Volz sunphotometer at a few background air pollution monitoring network stations in India, Mausam, 34, 3, 327-330. Krishna Nand, 1984, Prospects of acid rain over India., Mausam 35,pp 225-232. Krishna Nand, 1986, Importance of natural dust in controlling the acidity of rainwater in India, Mausam, 37, 3, 397-400 Landsea, 2007, http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq Mani, A., Chacko, O. and Iyer, N.V., 1973, Atmospheric turbidity over India from solar radiation measurements, Solar Energy, 14, 185-195 Maske, S.J., and Krishna Nand, 1982, Studies on chemical constituents of precipitation over India, Mausam 33, pp 241-246. Mazumdar, A.B., Thapliyal, V. and Patekar, V.V., 2001, Onset, withdrawal and duration of southwest monsoon, Vayu Mandal, Vol. 31, No. 1- 4, pp 64 – 68. Mooley, D.A., 1994, Origin, incidence and impact of droughts over India and remedial measures for their mitigation, Sadhana (Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences), Indian Academy of Sciences, 19(4). Mukherjee, A.K., Krishna Nand, Mukhopadhyay, B. and Usha Ramnath, P., 1985, Chemical composition of rainwater during monsoon season over Pune (Maharashtra) and its relation to meteorological factors, Mausam 36, pp 267274. Mukherjee, A.K., Krishna Nand, Mukhopadhyay, B. and Ghanekar, S.G., 1986, Rainwater chemistry over Indian sea areas during monsoon season, Mausam, 37, pp 173-178. 119 Mukhopadhyay, B., Datar, S.V., and Srivastava, H.N., 1992, Precipitation chemistry over the Indian region, Mausam, 43, pp 249-258. Mukhopadhyay, B., Singh, S.S., Datar, S.V. and Srivastava, H.N., 1993, Principal component analysis of rain water composition at BAPMoN stations in India, Mausam, 1993, 44, pp 179-184. Naresh Kumar, M., Murthy, C.S., Sesha Sai, M.V.R. and Roy, P.S., 2009, On the use of Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI) for drought intensity assessment, Meteorological Applications (Published online in Wiley Interscience). NATCOM, 2004, India’s Initial National Communication to the United Nations Frame Work Convention on Climate change, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi Niyas N.T., Srivastava A.K. and Hatwar, H.R., 2009, “Variability and trend in the cyclonic storm over the North Indian Ocean”, Met.Monograph No. Cyclone warning No.3/2009. Pai, D.S., Thapliyal, V. and Kokate, P.D. 2004; “Decadal Variation in the Heat and Cold Waves over India during 1971-2000”, Mausam, 55, 2, 281-292. Pai, D.S., Sridhar, L, Guhathakurta, P and Hatwar, H.R., 2010, “District wise Drought Climatology of the Southwest Monsoon Season over India based on Standardized Precipitation Index”, NCC Research Report No 2/2010. Pattanaik, D. R. and Rajeevan, M., 2010, Variability of Extreme Rainfall Events over India During Southwest Monsoon Season; 2010, Meteorological Applications Vol. 17, 88-104. Peshin, S K., 2006, Depletion of ozone over Antarctica during 2006, Mausam, 59, 3 (July 2008), 313-320 Raj, Y.E.A., 1992, “Objective determination of northeast monsoon onset dates over coastal Tamil Nadu for the period 1901-90”, Mausam, 43, 273-282. Raj, Y.E.A., 1998, “A statistical technique for determination of withdrawal of northeast monsoon over coastal Tamil Nadu”, Mausam, 49, 3, 309-320. Raj, Y.E.A., 2003, “Onset, withdrawal and intra-seasonal variation of northeast monsoon over coastal Tamil Nadu, 1901-2000”, Mausam, 54,3,605-614. Rajeevan, M., R.K. Prasad and U.S. De; 2000 “Cloud climatology of the Indian Ocean based on ship observations”, Mausam, 52, 527-540. 120 Rajeevan, M., Jyoti, B., Kale, J.D. and Lal, B., 2006, High resolution daily gridded rainfall data for the Indian region: Analysis of break and active monsoon spells, Current Science, Vol. 91, No. 3. Rao, S.A., Chaudhari, H.S., Pokhrel, S. and Goswami, B.N., 2010: Unusual central Indian drought of summer monsoon - 2008: Role of Southern Tropical Indian Ocean warming, Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, 5163-5174 Rupa Kumar, K., Sahai A.K., Krishna Kumar, K., Patwardhan, S.K., Mishra P.K., Revadekar, J.V., Kamala, K. and Pant, G.B., 2006, High-resolution climate changes scenarios for India for the 21st century, Current Science, 90, 334-345 Sarkar, J. Soni, V.K. and Mukherjee, A.K., Acid rain – Causes, Effects and Control Measures, Environmental Science & Engineering, 3, 3, 1-11, 2004. Singh, D., Mukhopadhyay, B. and Srivastava, H.N., 1997, Climatic impact on atmospheric turbidity at some Indian stations, Mausam, 48, 1, 33-40. Singh, O.P., 2001; “Long term trends in the frequency of monsoonal cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean”, Mausam, 52, 4, 655-658 Singh, O.P., Ali Khan, T.M. and Rahman, Md. S., 2000; “Changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean”, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 75, 11-20. Singh, R.P., Dey, S., Tripathi, S.N., Tare, V. and Holben, B., 2004: Variability of aerosol parameters over Kanpur city, Northern India. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D23206, doi:10.1029/2004JD004966 Singh, S, Attri, S.D., Mukhopadhayay, B. and Bhatnagar AK., 2008, “Aerosol Characteristics over Delhi during recent period”, Vayu Mandal, 34 (1&2). Sinha Ray, K.C. and Srivastava, A.K., 2000; “Is there any change in extreme events like drought and heavy rainfall?”, Current Science, 79, 2, 155-158. SMRC, 1998, “The impact of tropical cyclones on the coastal regions of SAARC countries and their influence in the region”, SMRC-No.1. Soni, V.K and Kannan, P.S., 2003, Temporal Variation and the Effect of Volcanic Eruptions on Atmospheric Turbidity over India, Mausam, 54, 4, 881-890. Soni, V.K. and Sarkar, J., 2006; “Long term variation in precipitation acidity over the Indian Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations”, Asian Journal of Water, Environment & Pollution, 3, 2, 35-41. 121 Srivastava, A.K., Sinha Ray, K.C. and De, U.S., 2000; “Trends in the frequency of cyclonic disturbances and their intensification over Indian Seas”, Mausam, 51, 2, 113-118. Srivastava, A.K., Dandekar, M.M., Kshirsagar, S.R. and Dikshit, S.K., 2007; “Is summer becoming more uncomfortable at Indian Cities?” is being published in Mausam, 58, 3, 335-344. Srivastava, H.N., Datar, S.V. and Mukhopadhyay, B., 1992, Trends in atmospheric turbidity over India, Mausam, 43, 2, 183-190. Tyagi , A and Goswami, B.N., 2009, Assessment of Climate change and adaptation in India , Climate Sense, 68-70 Varma, G.S., 1989, Impact of soil derived aerosols on precipitation acidity in India, Atm. Env., 23, 12, 2723-2728 WMO, 1994, On the Frontline: Public Weather Services, WMO No. 816, Geneva. 122

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