Computer Programming Languages.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Programming languages for computers are developed with the primary objective of facilitating a large number of persons to use computers without the need to know in detail the internal structure of a computer. Languages are matched to the type of applications which are to be programmed using the language. The ideal language would be one which expresses precisely the specification of a problem to be solved, and converts it into a series of instructions for a computer. It is not possible to achieve this ideal as a clear specification of a problem is often not available and developing an algorithm from specifications requires subject knowledge and expertise. In actual practice, a detailed algorithm to solve a problem is the starting point and it is expressed as a program in a programming language. A large number of languages, over a thousand, exist each catering to a different class of applications. All modern programming languages (with one exception) are designed to be machine independent. In other words, the structure of the programming language would not depend upon the internal structure of a specified computer; one should be able to execute a program written in the programming language on any computer regardless of who manufactured it or what model it is. Programing Language is a set of instructions (codes) that controls a computer to perform some processing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follows the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. It can also be simply defined as the process of specifying objects and the ways in which those objects interact to solve a problem. A computer is not intelligent. It cannot