Contestation And Inclusiveness Analysis

As a developing country, Brazil has also the overlapping levels of contestation and inclusiveness as indicators among developing countries. Dahl (2013) explains contestation in his famous book, Polyarchy as freeness of people to establish a bloc or organize groups to influence policy for their favor and inclusiveness as who have the right to participate in democratic activities i.e. elections (pp. 150). The latest scores of contestation and inclusiveness for Brazil are 1,44275 for contestation and 0,761697 for inclusiveness.
Throughout time, both contestation and inclusiveness have shown major decrease in Brazil but the scores for contestation and inclusiveness have shown gradual increase after 1968 even though there were some minor fluctuations
In his term economy was improved and he used nationalism to gather people around himself. However, after the end of his terms, it appeared that his successors weren’t as capable as him. For instance, new president Joao Goulart’s campaign for reforms weren’t grounded very well and campaign caused strong opposition by the peasants and students. This opposition eventually clashed with right wing ideas and battle of ideas moved into streets. In 1964, military overthrew the president Goulart and took the control of the state (Kesselman, M., Krieger, J., & Joseph, W. A. , 2010, pp. 391). As it is obvious, in junta regime, there was no place for democracy; after the coup, junta limited the civil rights and decreased the number of all political parties to two. Therefore, contestation and inclusiveness were damaged severely but the damage for contestation and inclusiveness reached the peak since in 1967 military government passed a strict decree which restricted independent and free judiciary. In addition to all these domestic reasons why coup happened and scores of contestation and inclusiveness hit the bottom of the graphs listed above, international relations of the Brazil before and after the coup d’etat should also be