Preview

DD303 TMA06

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
2458 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
DD303 TMA06
Critically evaluate why experts are better problem solvers than novices. What do experts have that novices lack?

A novice is defined in an English dictionary as a person who is new to a field or an activity. In sum, a beginner. This explanation seems to suggest that the progression towards becoming experienced in a given area is simply a matter of amassing the necessary knowledge which will eventually lead to a different status- one in which the skill or comprehension of the once novice will be judged to have improved to a level akin to that of someone in the same field who is already considered an expert.

The definition not only points to the notion of mere accumulation of knowledge, but also to the fact that expertise is something that, aside from being “inside the head”, is an attribute that can be estimated both externally and in objective terms. And while the measurable quality that is also part of what constitutes what we understand by talent shouldn’t be ignored, it encompasses other, more internal elements that have to do with specific skills acquired through training, a formalised aggregation of knowledge, and even individual differences. In contrast to experts, novices not only don’t know much about the formal particularities of a discipline, but they also seem to lack an understanding of the more internal organisation and the underlying structures of the subject at hand.

Expertise is a know-how that is not only based on knowledge and erudition, but more importantly on the ability to solve problems. An expert must be able to adeptly deal with specific goals and clearly define solution paths. One of the main questions is whether knowledge in a particular field increases the likelihood someone has of solving a problem effectively, or if this has more to do with certain internal capabilities and singular mental aptitudes that would enable a person to better get through the different levels of depth leading to an optimal solution. If this were the



References: Baddeley, A. (1986). “Working memory”. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Charness, N. (1992). “The impact of chess research on cognitive science”. Psychological Research, 54, 4-9. De Groot, A.D. (1966). “Perception and memory versus thought: Some old idea and recent findings”. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Problem solving, research, method and theory. New York: Krieger, 1966. Didierjean, A. & Gobet, F. (2008). “Sherlock Holmes- An expert’s view of expertise”, British Journal of Psychology, 99, 109-125. Ericsson, K.A Ericsson, K.A. & Chanders, N. (1994). “Expert performance: its structure and acquisition”. Science Watch, online. Green, A. J.K & Gilhooly, K., (2005) “Problem solving”, in Cognitive Psychology. Blackwell Publishing, The Open University. Gobet, F., (1998). “Expert memory: A comparison of four theories”. Cognition , 66, 115-152. Gobet, F et al., (2001). “Chunking mechanisms in human learning”. Trends in cognitive science, vol. 5, no.6. Posner, M. I. (1988). “Introduction: what is it to be an expert?” In M. T. H. Chi, R. Glaser & M. J. Farr (Eds.), The nature of expertise, (pp. xxix – xxxvi). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers. Rumelhart, D.E., Lindsay, P., & Norman, D.A. (1972). “A process model for long-term memory”. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New-York: Academic Press. Toker, S., (2012). “The mental model comparison of expert and novice performance improvement practitioners”. Wayne State University Dissertations, online

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    It is suggested in the model that the human memory involves a sequence of three stages, these include: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. Information is said to pass through each stage in a fixed sequence. There are limitations of capacity and duration at each separate stage. Information can easily be lost from either of the stages.…

    • 541 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    The expertise is affected by the money we have. A hired specialist for a project cost money and if the budget is not enough for someone to assist us we need to research and study the topic to help ourselves. The disadvantage of not having an expert is that it could affect the results, as it might not be that accurate without having the 100% knowledge about it.…

    • 1818 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The Proficient is more holistic in their understanding of situations as whole parts. The Proficient has by now learned to anticipate quick changes in clinical situations and how to quickly alter courses of action.…

    • 272 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Long term memory is information that is stored in memory, but mainly outside our consciousness (MRC, 1993). However it can be recalled through our working memory (MRC,…

    • 1136 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Gladwell

    • 1781 Words
    • 8 Pages

    This essay is organised into two great section. Each section present arguments and evidence used by Gladwell , an evaluation of these , and finally other examples and comparisons. The first section will argue about the fact that success is not the result of innate abilities but of practice. It will be illustrated through examples of the ‘10,000-Hour rules’, were individuals allocate a certain amount of time to become an expert. However Gladwell insist on the fact that practice is not the only way to become succeful, as being at the right place in the right time is important as well.…

    • 1781 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    References: Anderson, J. R. (2015). Cognitive Psychology and its implications (8th ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers.…

    • 1543 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    References: Anderson, J. R. (1980). Cognitive Psychology and its Implications. San Francisco: W. H, Freeman.…

    • 2154 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    All humans have the ability to be competent at something, whether it’s tying a knot, or solving a calculus equation. I regard competence as being one of the most essential traits in life. Competence goes a long way in our lives, especially when having to apply previously learned tactics to employ new ones.…

    • 261 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Essay On Coercive Power

    • 389 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Expert power is about what you know, what you can do, or what a person think you know/do.…

    • 389 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    •Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press.…

    • 1555 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    To be an expert means to have a special skill or knowledge in a certain subject sometimes multiple subjects or activity. An expert can be someone who has acquired knowledge and skills through study and a lot of practice of the years in a particular field or subject. Expert are believed, by the virtue of credential, training, education, profession, publication or experience to have the knowledge or skill beyond the average person would have.…

    • 669 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Specialized knowledge is the foremost characteristic of a professional. It highlights such professionals who endeavor hard to enhance and improve their skills through degrees and certifications that serve as the stepping stone for specialized knowledge (RNAO, 2007).…

    • 978 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Experts such as athletes, musicians, actors, surgeons, etc. have obtained knowledge which is difficult to describe in words and by language. These other ways of knowing, like perception, reason, and emotion play more important roles than language in allowing these experts to perform in their respective fields by gaining knowledge which cannot be passed on by words through their senses, emotional inspiration, and reasoning.…

    • 1198 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology,11, 287-307.…

    • 1532 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    deep smart

    • 1152 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Deep smarts are valuable knowledge. They are developed through accumulated experience during performing a task on a particular job.According to our reference textbook, the definition of deep smart is provided as“the capacity of experts to exploit their deep knowledge of a particular practice to exercise good judgment and the “smart” interpretation of new possibilities”.(Leonard and Swap, 2004) People with Deep Smarts are the “go-to” individuals in an organization, possessed of skills and knowledge that make them valuable to their organization and their colleagues. According to a research on expertise done by Dorothy and Walter, it takes seven to ten years of focused effort to develop what we so-called deep smart.…

    • 1152 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Better Essays