Empirical References Empirical referents are “not tools to measure the concept”, but rather “the means by which you can recognize or measure the defining characteristics or attributes” (Walker & Avant, 2011, p.168). Comfort can be evaluated and measured through the use of self reporting and direct visualization. Pain is viewed as a subjective experience, and therefore a person's self reporting represents the gold standard for assessing (de Papathanassoglou, 2014, p. 110). Boudiah and Kolcaba (2015) recommend assessing patients overall comfort through a rating scale based on a 0-10 scale (p. 276). The benefit of scale utilization is the individualizing aspect it allows. Allowing the patient to self evaluate allows the response to be free of projected bias. The nurse is trained to …show more content…
Jones is a 87 year old male who arrived to the emergency department via ambulance. Mr. Jones neighbor called the ambulance after he fell and hit his head. Mr. Jones had a small laceration to his head that the neighbor felt might need stitches. Mr. Jones is the primary care giver of his 84 year old wife who suffers from dementia. On arrival to the emergency room Mr. Jones is agitated and insistent that he is discharged. Mr. Jones stated that he needed to be home with his wife and he did not need to see a doctor. The nurse was able to settle Mr. Jones down by talking about his wife and their relationship. She proceeded to clean up his head laceration and it was determined that he did not need sutures. The nurse learned that Mr. Jones had two children and was able to contact his daughter. Mr. Jones daughter arrived at the hospital to take her father