Rajendra Mundkur*, S. R. Katti, M. V. Chandrakala, Ch. Narasimha Rao ; B. M. Sekharappa.
Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute,
Thalaghattapura, Bangalore-560 062, India.
Toyama (1906) defined embryonic diapause in silkworm, Bombyx mori as ‘a maternally inherited biological event under the control of sex-linked genes’. Sonobe and Odake (1986) have proposed two theories related to the diapause: (i) diapause is the phenomenon predetermined by the diapause factor during embryogenesis, and (ii) diapause is the process determined by the genetic factor during embryogenesis. Discovery of paternal genes taking over the developmental process of diapause-destined silkworm eggs (Rajendra Mundkur et al., 2004), has made to re-look into the diapause phenomenon with special reference to paternal inheritance of voltinism. The present authors propose a new theory related to diapause viz., “diapause is the phenomenon determined by environment, maternal genes and paternal genes synergistically or exclusively”
Keywords: Bombyx mori, diapause, paternal influence, pnd, silkworm, voltinism.
1. Introduction.
Adaptations to the surrounding environment are the response of all the living organisms, for their existence in the nature. Diapause phenomenon is one such adaptation evolved by animals to tide over situations which are not congenial for sustenance of life. The phenomenon is a classic example of animals’ response to the adverse environmental conditions. During diapause the animal virtually suspends its growth until the conditions that are hostile turn out to be favorable. Though evolved as an adaptation for survival, the diapause phenomenon is governed or determined by genetic factors that are induced by environmental cues.
Corresponding author: Dr. Rajendra Mundkur, Silkworm Breeding Unit (KSSRDI), Bidadi-562109, Ramanagar District.
References: Andrewartha M.G. (1952) Diapause in relation to the ecology of insects. Bio.Rev., 27:50-107. Chen J.H., Yaginuma T., Yamashita O.(1988) Effect of diapause hormone on cyclic nucleotide metabolism in developing ovaries of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.Comp Biochem Physiol B, 91(4):631-637. COULON-BUBLEX M., DOREL C Denlinger D. L. (1985) Hormonal control of diapause. In: Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vol. 8 (Ed. by G. A. Kerkut & L. I. Gilbert), pp. 353–411. Oxford: Pergamon Press. dOIRA H Dorel C., Coulon M. (1988) Regulation of gene expression in prediapausing embryos of the silkworm, Bombyx mori: pattern of protein synthesis. Cell Differ., 23(1-2):87-92. FUJIWARA Y., TANAKA Y., IWATA K., RUBI R.O., YAGINUMA T., YAMASHITA O., SHIOMI K Fukuda S. (1951), Factors determining the production of non-diapause eggs in the silkworm. Proc. Japan. Acad., 27: 582–586. Fukuda S., Sonobe H. (1973) Diapause of eggs produced by the ovary implanted in the male of Bombyx mori L. C.R.Seances Soc.Biol.Fil., 167(3):594-597. GOLDSMITH M.R., KAFATOS F.C. (1984) Developmentally regulated genes in silkmoths. Ann Rev Genet., 18:443-487. Hasegawa K. (1957) The diapause hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Nature, Lond., 179: 300–301. Hasegawa K. (1964) Studies on the Mode of Action of the Diapause Hormone in the Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L : II. Content of Diapause Hormone in the Suboesophageal Ganglion. Journal of Experimental Biology, 41:55-63. HIROBE T. (1954) On lethal spindle egg in silkworm, J. Seric. Sci. Jpn., 21: 122. Horike N., Sonobe H. (1999) Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase in eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori: enzymatic properties and developmental changes. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 41(1):9-17. Horie Y., Kanda T., Mochida Y Ichikawa T., Aoki S., Shimizu I. (1997) Neuroendocrine control of diapause hormone secretion in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, J. Insect Physiol., 43(12):1101-1109. Imai K., Nomura T., Katsuzaki H., Komiya T., Yamashita O Imai K., Konno T., Nakazawa Y., Komiya T., Isobe M., Koga K., Goto T., Yaginuma T., Sakakibara K., Hasegawa K., Yamashita O. (1991) Isolation and structure of diapause hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, B67: 98–101. IRIE K., YAMASHITA O. (1980) Changes in vitellin and other yolk proteins during embryonic development in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Insect Physiol., 26: 811-817. IRIE K., YAMASHITA O. (1983) Egg specific proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: Purification, properties, localization and titre changes during oogenesis and embryogenesis. . Insect Biochem., 13: 71-80. Iwata k., Fujiwara y., Takeda m. (2005a) Effects of temperature, sorbitol, alanine and diapause hormone on the embryonic development in Bombyx mori, in vitro tests of old hypotheses. Physiological Entomology,30(4):317 -322. IZUMI S., TOMINO s. (1983) Vitellogenin synthesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.: Separate mRNAs encode two sub-units of vitellogenin. Insect Biochem., 13:81-85. IZUMI S., TOMINO s., CHINO H. (1980) Purification and molecular properties of vitellin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem., 10:199-208. Katagiri N., Ando O., Yamashita O. (1998) Reduction of glycogen in eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, by use of a trehalase inhibitor, trehazolin, and diapause induction in glycogen-reduced eggs, J. Insect Physiol., 44(12):1205-1212. Katsumata F Kubota I., Isobe M., Goto T., Hasegawa K. (1976) Molecular size of the diapause hormone of the silkworm, Z Naturforsch, 31(3-4):132-134. LEES A.D. (1955) The physiology of diapause in Arthropods. Cambridge University Press, London. Makka T., Seino A., Tomita S., Fujiwara H., Sonobe H MIURA E. (1932a) Studies on the yolk cells in the diapausing, non-diapausing and artificial non-diapausing silkworm eggs. (In Japanese.) Bull. Kyoto Imp. Coll. Seric., 1 (3): 1-36. MIURA, E. (1932b) Principles of artificial hatching in the silkworm. (Preliminary report.) (In Japanese). Bull. Kyoto Imp. Coll. Seric., 1 (3), 37-42. MIURA, E. (1938) Questions to Dr Umeya concerning his criticism on the hypothesis of active and passive growths of the silkworm embryo. (In Japanese.) SanshikaihO, 47 (559): 35-39. Moribe Y., Niimi T., Yamashita O., Yaginuma T. (2001) Samui, a novel cold-inducible gene, encoding a protein with a BAG domain similar to silencer of death domains (SODD/BAG-4), isolated from Bombyx diapause eggs. Eur. J. Biochem. 268: 3432-3442. Morita A., Niimi T., Yamashita O. (2003) Physiological differentiation of DH-PBAN-producing neurosecretory cells in the silkworm embryo. J. Insect Physiol., 49(12):1093-1102. Morohoshi S. (1976) Growth Physiology in silkworm Tokyo University press, Tokyo. Morohoshi S. (2000) Development Physiology of Silkworms. Translation of Second Japanese edition of Kaiko no Hatsuiku Seiri by Morohoshi S.,(1979). Oxford and IBH Pub.Co.Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi. Murakami A Murakami A. (1988) Ecogenetical studies on tropical mulberry Bombyx mori Proceedings of the Int. Cong. on Tropical Seric. Practices Bangalore, India, 11-23. Murakami A. (1990) Insect adaptation and genetics- A special reference to Bombyx egg diapause. Nat. Inst. Seric. Entomol. Sci., 4: 43-58. Muroga H. (1943) Heredity relationship of mono-voltine and tetra-voltine, Nichisanzatsu, 14:237-249. MUROGA H. (1951) On the consumption coefficient of the inhibitory substance in the silkworm egg. (In Japanese.) J. Seric. Sci., Tokyo, 30:92-94. Nagatomo T. (1942) Kaiko no kasei no iden tsuite (regarding the heredity of voltinism in silkworms), Nichisanzatsu,13:114-115. Nagatomo T. (1953) Genetic studies on the voltinism in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, Bull.Fac.Agric.Kagoshima Univ., 2:1-70. Niimi T., Yaginuma T. (1992) Biosynthesis of NAD-sorbitol dehydrogenase is induced by acclimation at 5 degrees C in diapause eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Comp Biochem Physiol B.102(1):169-173. Niimi T., Yamashita O., Yaginuma T.(1993) A cold-inducible Bombyx gene encoding a protein similar to mammalian sorbitol dehydrogenase. Yolk nuclei-dependent gene expression in diapause eggs, Eur. J. Biochem.,213(3):1125-31. Noguchi H., Hayakawa Y Okada M. (1971) Role of the chorion as a barrier to oxygen in the diapause of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L, Experientia, 27(6):658-660. Pitchayawasin S., Isobe M., Tani N., Kai H. (2004) Structure of pentasaccharide of glycopeptide from TIME-EA4, N-glycoprotein in silkworm diapause eggs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14(10):2527-2531. Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy, Mahadevappa, Raghuraman R., Bongale U.D. (2004) Prevention of diapause in bivoltine eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., through a cross with the race KS-10 as male parent. Int.J.Indust.Entomol., 9(1):107-109. Saunders d.s. (1981) Insect Photoperiodism- the clock and the counter:a review, Physiol.Ent., 6:99-116. SHIMIZU K., HIROKAWA M., TATEMATSU K., KASEGAWA E. (2005) Effective induction of egg diapause in multivoltine silkworm races by low temperature and short photoperiod rearing condition. J.Seric.Sci.Jpn., 74(1): 1-7. SONOBE H., ODAKE H. (1986) Studies on embryonic diapause in the pnd mutant of the silkworm, Bombyx mori; V. Identification of a pnd+ gene-specific protein. Roux 's Arch Dev Biol., 195:229-235. Sonobe H., Yamada R. (2004) Ecdysteroids during early embryonic development in silkworm Bombyx mori: metabolism and functions. Zoolog. Sci., 21(5):503-516. TAKAMI T., KITAZAWA T.(1960) External observation of embryonic development in the silkworm. Sanshi Shikenjo Hokoku, Sericultural Expt.Stn.Tech.Bull.75:1-31. Tani N., Kamada G., Ochiai K., Isobe M., Suwan S., Kai H TAZIMA Y. (1986) “The Genetics of the Silkworm”, Logos Press, Academic Press. Tazima Y. (2001) Improvement of biological functions in the silkworm, (Translated from Japanese), Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Ltd. New Delhi. Tazima Y., Onuma A. (1967) Experimental induction of androgenesis, gynogenesis and polyploidy in Bombyx mori L. by treatment with CO gas. J.Seric.Sci.Jpn., 36:286-291. TZENOV P., PETKOV P. (1998) Effect of some environmental factors during different stages of the silkworm (Bombyx mori)development on the penetrator and expression rate of the pnd gene responsible for diapause. J.Anim.Sci.(Suppl):92-95. Toyama K. (1906) Mendel’s law of heredity as applied to the silkworm crosses. Biol. Zentralbl., 26: 321-334. Toyama K. (1913) Maternal inheritance and Mendelism, J.Gen., 2:351-405. Umeya Y. (1925) On the experiments of ovarian transplantation and blood transfusion in the silkworm with special reference to the alternation of voltinism. Jpn. J. Genet., 3: 155-182. UMEYA Y. (1937a) Preliminary note on experiments of ooplasm transfusion of silkworm-eggs with special reference to the development of embryo. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan, 13: 378-380. UMEYA Y. (1937b) Studies on the preservation of the diapausing silkworm egg. (In Japanese.)Bull. Seric. Dept. Agric. Exp. Sta. Chosen, 4: 1-36. UMEYA Y. (1938) Answers to Prof. Miura concerning development of the silkworm egg. (In Japanese.) SanshikaihO, 47 (560): 33-38. UMEYA Y. (1939) Experiments on the artificial development of the diapausing silkworm egg. (In Japanese.) Proc. Jap. Ass. Adv. Sci., 14:504-508. Xu W., Sato Y., Yamashita O.(1995) Cloning of the diapause hormone gene of the silkworm (Bombyx mori), 22(3):178-184. Xu W.H. (1999) Molecular mechanism of diapause in Bombyx mori. 2. Diapause determination and expression of diapause hormone gene in pupal stage. Yi Chuan Xue Bao, 26(2):107-111. Yaginuma T., Yamashita O. (1999) Oxygen consumption in relation to sorbitol utilization at the termination of diapause in eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol., 45(7):621-627. Yamada R., Sonobe H. (2003) Purification, kinetic characterization, and molecular cloning of a novel enzyme ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem., 278(29):26365-73. YAMAMOTO T., GOTO T., HIROBE T.( 1978) Genetical studies of the pigmented and non-diapausing egg mutant in Bombyx mori. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn., 47:181-185. Yamamoto T., Kanekatsu M., Nakagoshi M., Kato T., Mase K., Sawada H. (2005) Casein kinase 2 during early embryonic development in silkworm, Bombyx mori: cDNA sequence, gene expression, and enzyme activity. DNA Seq., 16(6):446-455. Yamashita O. (1996) Diapause hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori: Structure, gene expression and function. Journal of Insect Physiology, 42: 669–679. YAMASHITA O., IRIE K. (1980) Larval hatching from vitellogenin-deficient eggs developed in male hosts of the silkworm. Nature, 283:385-386. Yamashita O., Hasegawa K. (1985) Embryonic diapause. In: Kerkut, G.A., Gilbert, L.I. (Eds.), Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol. 1. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 407–434. Yoshitake N., Hashiguchi T. (1969) On the diapause of Indonesian polyvoltine silkworm Bombyx mori. Jpn. J. Appl.Entomol.Zool., 13:206-207. Yu S. J., Hou R. F.,Hsieh F. K., Dhu H.T. (1991) Comparison of sugar content in diapausing embryos of various strains of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Chinese J. Entomol., 11:1-12