Disaster Management.

* Access model * A model that explores how an individual or groups relative resilience to disasters is impacted by differences in access to the economic or political resources needed to secure a livelihood. * The strengths of the model are that it provides a broad view of vulnerability including root causes, it gives weight to natural hazards, and it provides a framework for looking at livelihoods and vulnerability. * The limitation of the model, is that it is a tool for explaining vulnerability, not for measuring it. The model cannot be applied operationally without a great deal of data collection and analysis. * Computer assisted techniques * The use of computer software programs to automate steps of the risk management process. For example the use of GIS and remote sensing has allowed hazard mapping to become more comprehensive. * The limitations vary by technique; however in general there is a reliance on equipment and expertise, which may not be readily available in the communities undertaking the assessments which may widen the breach between the information produced by technical risk assessments and the understanding of risk by people. * Cost-benefit analysis * A process used to select countermeasures, by balancing the costs of implementing each option against the benefits derived from it. In general, the cost of managing risks needs to be equal to the benefits gained from putting the countermeasures in place. * The benefit of this technique is the attempt to ensure public investment is directed toward those activities producing the greatest benefits for the best value for money. * The limitations of the technique include the lack of data collection and methods that are required to capture indirect and intangible costs and benefits, legal and social responsibility requirements may override simple financial cost benefit analysis, and the possibility that its application may disadvantage