Dynamic Chemistry & Car Crashes

Dynamic Chemistry
Matter – Any substance that has volume & mass. E.g. EVERY THING
Atom – The smallest non living thing that can exist.
Atomic Structure –

Particle | Symbol | Location | Charge | Mass | Proton | P | Nucleus | +1 | 1Heavy | Neutron | N | Nucleus | 0 | 1Heavy | Electron | E | Electron Shell or Orbit | -1 | 12000Light |

History of the Atom – The model of the atom has changed with time.
Dalton – solid shape (no subatomic particles)
(indivisible particle)

Rutherford - (subatomic particles)

(electronic shells have a definite number of electrons)
(2,8,18…)

(electronic shells have a definite number of electrons)
(2,8,18…)

Bohr –
Periodic Table & Subatomic
Particles
3

7
3

7

Li
Li

Atomic Number = number of protons = number of electrons

Atomic Mass = Neutrons + Protons = Neutrons + Atomic Number

Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number
Therefore N = Big Number – Little Number
Therefore N = Big Number – Little Number

Electron Shells
Number of electrons in shell = 2n2

1st Shell = 2 x (1)2 = 2
2nd Shell = 2 x (2)2 = 8
3rd Shell = 2 x (3)2 = 18

p = 6 e = 6 n = 12 – 6 = 6

Group = have similar properties
Period = do not have similar properties.
= if you go from left to right the elements move from metals to semi metals to non-metals.
Group = have similar properties
Period = do not have similar properties.
= if you go from left to right the elements move from metals to semi metals to non-metals.

Valency: +1, +2, +3, +-4, -3, -2, -1, 0.
Valency: +1, +2, +3, +-4, -3, -2, -1, 0.

Trends & The Periodic Table
G
R
OU
p
G
R
OU
p
80% metals
20% non-metals
80% metals
20% non-metals
Metals become more reactive

Metals become more reactive

PERIOD
PERIOD
The periodic table is arranged by increasing Atomic number or number of protons.
The periodic table is arranged by increasing Atomic number or number of protons. The periodic table shows us all of the existing known elements to date (there are 118).
The periodic table shows us all of the existing known elements to date (there are 118).

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Non-Metals & Metals & their Properties Properties | Metals | Non-Metals | Lustre | Shiny | Dull | Hardness | Med-high | Vary | Malleable (bent) | Yes | No | Ductile (made into wire) | Yes | No | Conducts heat & Electricity | Yes | No | Examples | Ca, Ni, Cu, | S, O, H, N. |

Simple circuit to test for conduction of electricity

If the light bulb lights up this means that the material is conductive.
If the light bulb lights up this means that the material is conductive.

Definition:

Element -A pure substance. -Made up of one type of atom. -Each element differs by the number p, e, n. -There are 118 known elements. -Elements cannot be physically or chemically separated.
Solid
-Low compressibility
-Have their own shape
Solid
-Low compressibility
-Have their own shape - E.g He, C, N, O

Solid * Takes container shape * Particles not connected
Solid
* Takes container shape * Particles not connected

Liquid
-Particles take the shape of the container
-low compressibility
Liquid
-Particles take the shape of the container
-low compressibility

Name | Symbol | Hydrogen | H | Helium | He | Lithium | Li | Beryllium | Be | Boron | B | Carbon | C | Nitrogen | N | Oxygen | O | Fluorine | F | Neon | Ne | Sodium | Na | Magnesium | Mg | Aluminum | Al | Silicon | Si | Phosphorus | P | Sulfur | S | Chlorine | Cl | Argon | Ar | Potassium | K | Calcium | Ca |
Compounds:
-2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio by mass. -They are pure substances -Can be broken down by chemical means. -Can not be broken down by physical means. -New compounds are formed by re-arranging atoms.
Mixture:
-A combination of two or more substances (elements, compounds) in NO fixed ratio. - Not pure - Can be separated by physical means (filtration, evaporation, chromatography)

Naming Compounds:
Naming Ionic Compounds
-metal + non-metal
= metal non-metalide

2) Covalent- 2 non-metals non-metal + non-metal > Remember to use di, tri, tetra… etc.

Common Compounds | | NaCl | Sodium Chloride | O2 | Oxygen | N2 | Nitrogen | HCl | Hydrochloric acid | H2NO3 | Sulfuric Acid | HNO3 | Nitric Acid | H2O | Water | CO2 | Carbon Dioxide | NaOH | Sodium Hydroxide |

Equations in Chemistry

Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
2Mg +O2 2MgO
Magnesium + Oxide  Magnesium Oxide

Metal + water + oxygen metal oxide/ hydroxide
(Metal Dissolves = mass loss)

Metal + AcidHydrogen + Metal Salt
Mg+ 2HCl H2 + MgCl
Hydrogen test is the pop test using a lit match

Neutralisation
Acid + Base H2O + Metal Salt
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl

Acid + Carbonate Carbon Dioxide + Water + metal salt

Speed & Acceleration
Speed
How far an object travels in a given amount of time s=dt (units= m/s or km/hr)
Constant Speed- Same Speed throughout journey
Average Speed- The speed varies over the journey & therefore we average the distance & time. * * * * * * * * * * * * Acceleration
The ability for an object to go faster and faster.
Acceleration ∆speed∆time ms-2 or m/s2 * * Gravitational Field of Earth * Acceleration due to gravity
All objects close to the earth’s surface accelerate at 9.8m/s2 * * Weight
How much matter is present under a gravitational force.
Units- g or kg * * Mass
How much matter there is present
Units- g or kg * * Relationships between mass and weight
Mass stays the same
Weight changes depending on force of gravity (9.8 m/s2)
W= m x g
M= mass
G= gravity
W= weight
Parachute- ↓ acceleration of an object from 200 km/h to 20 km/h
Hammer & Feather (Apollo 15)- all objects land at the same time regardless of mass and weight) * * Definitions
Displacement- How far you are from the initial location * (Units- m, km)
Distance- how far you travel (Units- m, km)
Speed – how far an object travels in a given time (units – m/s, km/h)
Velocity – is speed in a given direction * Units
Acceleration m/s2
Speed/ Velocity m/s, km/h
Distance/ Displacement m, km
Force N (newton)
Energy J (joules) * Newton’s 3 laws
First Law (Inertia) * - An object will remain stationary unless a force is applied to it. * - An object will remain at constant speed unless a force is applied to it. * Second law * F=ma * Third Law * For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. * * Crumple Zone * -A Crumple zone increases the time before the force hits the occupant & allows for the force to be reduced. * Airbags * -↑ the time for the force to hit the occupant, protects chest and head * * Seat Belts * -harness * -lap/sash * -lap *
ABS brakes * -Allows the car in wet or rough conditions to regain control & stops quickly. * -Brake x times to allow for control of the car. *
Head Rest * -Prevents neck injuries by providing support *
Helmet
* The helmet spreads the force.

Heat
Light
Chemical
Deformation

Heat
Light
Chemical
Deformation

Energy

* * * * * * * * * Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy

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Bull bar * -purpose- to prevent damage by animals * -Problem- height of pedestrians * - Head and chest injuries *
Scientists- 3pts * -Newton * -Einstein * -Galileo