Ecology
1.History of ecology .Ecology as a science. Sub-disciplines of ecology. Economics and Ecology.
Ecology appeared as a distinct field of science in the second part of the nineteenth century from a diversity of different areas, such as geography, plant physiology, taxonomy, and the theory of evolution. In 1893 two significant events happened. First, the book “Flower Ecology” by L.H. Pammel, was published. Secondly, the Madison Botanical Congress adopted the term "ecology" as denoting a new branch of botany distinct from physiology and morphology. One of the most important contributors in the development of an ecological view on nature was Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus. In the book “The Oeconomy of Nature” published in 1749, Linnaeus described his view on nature, which is seemingly chaotic. German scientist Alexander von Humboldt was the main opponent of these views. According to Humboldt’s view, all phenomena in nature were interconnected. English naturalist Charles Darwin's “On the Origin of Species”, published in 1859. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a mechanism, not only for understanding how species arose, but also for interpreting patterns in the distribution and abundance of species. Haeckel published “The Morphology of Organisms” in 1866 with the aim of interpreting anatomy in the light of evolution. In this book, Haeckel provided the first definition of ecology: "By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature—the total relations of the animal to both to its inorganic and organic environment.“ The term oekologie was coined from the Greek oikos meaning "household" and logos meaning "study"; hence, the "study of the household of nature". E. P. Odum defined ecology as, “the study of the structure and function of nature, which includes the living world”. He referred to ecosystem as the basic fundamental unit of ecology. ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of
Ecology appeared as a distinct field of science in the second part of the nineteenth century from a diversity of different areas, such as geography, plant physiology, taxonomy, and the theory of evolution. In 1893 two significant events happened. First, the book “Flower Ecology” by L.H. Pammel, was published. Secondly, the Madison Botanical Congress adopted the term "ecology" as denoting a new branch of botany distinct from physiology and morphology. One of the most important contributors in the development of an ecological view on nature was Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus. In the book “The Oeconomy of Nature” published in 1749, Linnaeus described his view on nature, which is seemingly chaotic. German scientist Alexander von Humboldt was the main opponent of these views. According to Humboldt’s view, all phenomena in nature were interconnected. English naturalist Charles Darwin's “On the Origin of Species”, published in 1859. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a mechanism, not only for understanding how species arose, but also for interpreting patterns in the distribution and abundance of species. Haeckel published “The Morphology of Organisms” in 1866 with the aim of interpreting anatomy in the light of evolution. In this book, Haeckel provided the first definition of ecology: "By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature—the total relations of the animal to both to its inorganic and organic environment.“ The term oekologie was coined from the Greek oikos meaning "household" and logos meaning "study"; hence, the "study of the household of nature". E. P. Odum defined ecology as, “the study of the structure and function of nature, which includes the living world”. He referred to ecosystem as the basic fundamental unit of ecology. ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of