Parents
* The parents of an incarcerated person can often feel at fault for their child being in jail. They can also feel as if they should have done more. If a young child or teenager is the incarcerated person, parents feel even more blame, because they consider this a failure of their parenting and the child's loss at a young age. Extended family, such as grandparents and aunts or uncles, can also be affected by this problem.
Spouses
* Depending on the length of incarceration, a spouse can feel as though the jailed person has died. Often the loss of a significant other for long periods of time can lead to a re-evaluation of the commitment. This can be due to a feeling of abandonment, because the incarcerated person chose the act that placed him in jail. When leaving the prison system, the ex-convict does not know if his life can be rebuilt and if his partner has moved on or adjusted to life without him.
Employment
* One of the most debilitating effects of incarceration is the stereotype that employers
References: Arditti, J. A., Lambert-Shute, J., & Joest, K. (2003). Saturday morning at the jail: Implications of incarceration for families and children. Family Relations, 52(3), 195-204. Fritsch, T. A., & Burkhead, J. D. (1981). Behavioral reactions of children to parental absence due to imprisonment. Family Relations, 30(1), 83-88. Gabel, S. (1992). Children of incarcerated and criminal parents: Adjustment, behavior, and prognosis. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 20(1), 33-45. Hannon, G., Martin, D., & Martin, M. (1984). Incarceration in the family: Adjustment to change. Family Therapy, 11(3), 253-260. Johnson, E. I., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Parental incarceration: Recent trends and implications for child welfare. Social Service Review, 76(3), 460-479. Johnston, D. (1992). Children of offenders. Pasadena, CA: Pacific Oaks Center for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Johnston, D. (1995). Effects of parental incarceration. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 59-88). New York: Lexington Books. Lange, S. M. (2000). The challenges confronting children of incarcerated parents. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 11(4), 61-68. Lowenstein, A. (1986). Temporary single parenthood—The case of prisoners’ families. Family Relations, 35, 79-85. Mumola, C. J. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children. NCJ 182335. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.