El Nino
Tanaya Devasthali
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………....3
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….3
2.2 DEFINING TERMS AND CONCEPTUALIZING RELATIONSHIPS
2.2.1 EL-NINO………………………………………………………………………...4
2.2.2 SOUTHERN OSCILLATION…………………………………………………6
2.2.3 LA NINA………………………………………………………………………...7
2.2.4 CLIMATE AND ITS MEASUREMENT……………………………………..7
2.2.5 CLIMATE SYSTEM……………………………………………………………8
2.2.6 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE……………………9
2.2.7 SOUTH WEST MONSOONS…………………………………………………..9
3 GAP AREAS AND FURTHER RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS…………………………11
4 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH……………………………………………………………….11
5 METHODOLOGY OF DATA …………………………………………………………………11
6 RESULT………………………………………………………………………………………….16
7 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..17
The El Nino phenomenon, the geophysicists ' equivalent of the universal solvent.
— John Royden Maddox 'Great Greenhouse in the Sky? ',Nature (1983), 306, 221.
1. ABSTRACT
In this report you will find an approach to determine the relationship between El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena and the Indian climate particularly Indian monsoons. This report contains a brief and crisp review of some of the latest research in this field. Monsoons, particularly south-west monsoons, play a very important role in Indian climate as well as economy. The climate in summers as well as winters is also in some way relatedto the monsoons. Indian agriculture is predominantly dependent on the monsoons. During four months (JJAS) the monsoon provides 80% of the total annual rainfall over India (Selvaraju, R., 2003). Indian monsoons depend on sixteen different factors and the success of monsoons depends on all of them. ENSO plays a significant role in the success or failure of Indian monsoon development. The year-to-year variability in monsoon rainfall could cause severe droughts and floods (Kripalani, R. H., A. Kulkarni, et
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………....3
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….3
2.2 DEFINING TERMS AND CONCEPTUALIZING RELATIONSHIPS
2.2.1 EL-NINO………………………………………………………………………...4
2.2.2 SOUTHERN OSCILLATION…………………………………………………6
2.2.3 LA NINA………………………………………………………………………...7
2.2.4 CLIMATE AND ITS MEASUREMENT……………………………………..7
2.2.5 CLIMATE SYSTEM……………………………………………………………8
2.2.6 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE……………………9
2.2.7 SOUTH WEST MONSOONS…………………………………………………..9
3 GAP AREAS AND FURTHER RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS…………………………11
4 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH……………………………………………………………….11
5 METHODOLOGY OF DATA …………………………………………………………………11
6 RESULT………………………………………………………………………………………….16
7 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..17
The El Nino phenomenon, the geophysicists ' equivalent of the universal solvent.
— John Royden Maddox 'Great Greenhouse in the Sky? ',Nature (1983), 306, 221.
1. ABSTRACT
In this report you will find an approach to determine the relationship between El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena and the Indian climate particularly Indian monsoons. This report contains a brief and crisp review of some of the latest research in this field. Monsoons, particularly south-west monsoons, play a very important role in Indian climate as well as economy. The climate in summers as well as winters is also in some way relatedto the monsoons. Indian agriculture is predominantly dependent on the monsoons. During four months (JJAS) the monsoon provides 80% of the total annual rainfall over India (Selvaraju, R., 2003). Indian monsoons depend on sixteen different factors and the success of monsoons depends on all of them. ENSO plays a significant role in the success or failure of Indian monsoon development. The year-to-year variability in monsoon rainfall could cause severe droughts and floods (Kripalani, R. H., A. Kulkarni, et
References: Ashrit, R. G., K. R. Kumar, et al, (2001), “ENSO-Monsoon relationship in a greenhouse warming scenario.” Geophys Ashok, K., Z. Guan, et al. (2001), “Impact of the Indian Ocean dipole on the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and ENSO.” Geo Kripalani, R. H. and A. Kulkarni, (1997), “Climate impact of El Niño-La Niña on the Indian monsoon: A new perspective.” Weather Kripalani, R. H., A. Kulkarni, et al, (2003), “Indian Monsoon Variability in a Global Warming Scenario.” Nat Krishnan R. and M. Sugi, (2003), “Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall.”Clim Krishnamurthy, V. and B. N. Goswami, (2000), “Indian Monsoon–ENSO Relationship on Interdecadal Timescale.”J Kumar, K. K., B. Rajagopalan, et al, (1999), "On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO." Science Kumar, K. K., B. Rajagopalan, et al, (2006), “Unraveling the Mystery of Indian Monsoon Failure During El Niño.” Science Maity, R. and D. N. Kumar, (2006), “Bayesian dynamic modelling for monthly Indian summer monsoon rainfall using El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation (EQUINOO).” J. Geophys. Res. 111:D07104. NOAA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (2006) Roy, S. S., G. B. Goodrich, et al. (2003), “Influence of El Niño/southern oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation, and local sea-surface temperature anomalies on peak season monsoon Walker, G. T. (1925), “On periodicity (with discussion).” Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 51:337–346. www.noaa.gov