Elliott Chau Canada Chapter 1 Summary

CANADA T of C

Elliott Chau Canadian Economics A) Sir John A. Macdonald (1867-1891) Goals: Attract immigrants Build a transcontinental railway Created jobs/encouraged foreign (British investment) Strategy: The national Policy Advertise in Europe -> Free land Provide support/$ to Railroad builders Set up high tariffs for imports which would encourage manufacturing in Canada Accomplishments Very little immigration Why? – competition from American-West Canadian Pacific Railway completed in 1885 A few industrial firms were developed

08/09/11

B) Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1896-1911) Goals: Make the National Policy work Strategy: Massive advertising campaign in Europe and offer free land (assisted by the CPR) Encouraged new railway construction
Maintenance of high tariffs -> hope of attracting US firms Accomplishments Settlement of Canada West (Saskatchewan and Alberta created in 1905) Growth of eastern cities Two new railroads built (the CNR -> Canadian National Railway) Growth of mining, pulp and paper, lumbering industries Increased investment from US Concentrated in Ontario and Quebec ie) Auto industry

Elliott Chau CANADA AND THE WORLD

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

1.
Prove that English Canadians had a strong attachment to Great Britain. English Canadians celebrated Victoria Day which was a big celebration of Canada’s British heritage. There were British flags being waved, parades and marches, and bands playing familiar British songs. Empire day was established to celebrate Queen Victoria’s sixtieth year as the queen of England. 2. Define “nationalism” It is the devotion to the interest of a nation, sometimes leading to putting the interests of the nation above anything else. 3. What did
some Canadians believe regarding the country’s future? At the turn of the century some Canadians believed that Canada was destined to become one of the most powerful nations in the world. 4. State the outlook of French Canadians. Most French Canadians believed in a strong Canada and respected the language and civil rights that had been guaranteed at Confederation. 5. Explain the term “imperialism” Imperialism is a nation’s extension of its authority over other lands by political, economic, or military means. 6. In 1900, Canada was a self-governing Dominion. What did this mean? It means that Canada can make its own laws and pursue its own policies. It meant that control over foreign affairs such as international trade was still in the hands of Britain. 7. a) Who wanted greater imperial unity? Businesspeople and descendants of the United Empire Loyalist wanted greater imperial unity b) Who did not? The French Canadians and farmers/workers did not. c) Explain Laurier’s compromise He pledged allegiance to the Empire and expressed hope for independence in the feature. Canada would always support the empire but the only change needed was for Canada to become independent over time.

Elliott Chau

Wednesday, September 14, 2011 CANADA AND AMERICAN EXPANSION

Text page 65-68 1. Explain the American belief in expansionism and “Manifest Destiny”. The American believed that America’s duty is to form a continental nation that included Mexico and Canada. 2. Explain the American proposal for reciprocity. The reciprocity that the American proposed was in which the two nations and would negotiate a mutual exchange of trade privileges and formalize them in an agreement. 3. Who, in Canada, wanted reciprocity and who was opposed to it? In Canada, the Liberals wanted reciprocity but the Conservatives opposed it. The anti reciprocity was led by Central Canadian manufacturers, bankers and businesspeople. The farmers were with the liberals and wanted reciprocity. 4. How did comments from some American politicians hurt Laurier in the 1911 election? It convinced many nervous Canadians that although America might seem to smile on Canada and offer economic favors, its real aim was to draw Canada into an economic union and then annex it. 5. What was the main election issue in Quebec? The election was fought mostly over the Naval Service Bill, and Anglophone nationalist and francophone nationalistes began to sway opinion against the Liberals. 6. State the results of the 1911 election. Half a million and a half men voted for their parliamentary representatives and the Conservative Party won. It was close 52-48; Liberals won in Alberta, Saskatchewan and the Maritimes, and squeaked by in Quebec. They were crumbled by the Conservative vote in Ontario, and Robert Borden became the new Prime Minster of Canada.

Elliott Chau 1900-1913: IMIGRATION Introduction -

07/09/11

Immigration is required if Canada is to expand More settler – larger market for manufactured goods from Ontario/Quebec 1913 alone 400 000 settlers arrived in west & 3 million in total. In 1900 – 1914, ⅔ were from Britain and US 1905 enough people on prairies -> new provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan were created

Push/Pull Factors Push factors: conditions that make people want to leave homeland Pull factors: conditions that attract immigrants to a new land

Push Factors Overpopulation in Europe -> people living longer, not enough farmland, overcrowded cities with diseases & poverty and unemployment Central and Eastern Europe peasants paid high taxes and were forced to serve I the army Mennonites, Hutterites and Doukhobors objected to military service on religious grounds (pacifism) Jews, Ukrainians and Poles denied political rights and were often persecuted Natural disasters & political upheaval factors in “pushing” people

Pull Factors Canada offered freedom and free land (160 acres) 1890 no free land left in US to settle and Canada became more attractive Canadian immigration policy “Open Door” attracted many Clifford Stifon (Ministry of the Interior) launched massive ad campaigns in Europe Others came not for free land but work -> 10 000 Chinese immigrants helped build the CPR

New Arrivals Not all immigrants were allowed in country -> unhealthy or unfit were denied entry

New Arrivals Initial hope of better life 2 weeks journey aboard dirty, crowded ships They were inspected at Quebec

-

Train to Montreal and prairies to farm Jewish Canadians fled persecution in Russia; faced segregation and anti-Semitism; jobs restricted; cultural survival Black Canadians escaped slavery via. The Underground Railway prior to 1895; faced racism; were encouraged to return to US; strong communities in Nova Scotia, South Western Ontario, British Colombia and the West

Impact on Canada Canada had mixed feelings regarding immigrants 1905 Policy of Exclusion preferred certain groups Beginning of cultural mosaic Fuelled economic boom Settled west

Elliott Chau The Immigration Experience Text: page 23 – 24 A.1 a) Clifford Sifton - He is a minster of the interior. - Was appointed by Laurier in 1846. - Was ambitious and young at the time. - He decided on an aggressive open door immigration policy.

06/09/11

b) Open Door Policy - He would pinpoint desirable countries and flood them with pamphlets advertising free land in Canada’s west. - Agents were hired to set up immigration offices so they can process potential migrants faster. - Canada promoted the idea that it was the “last frontier” and the land of opportunity with pamphlets/posters. 2) Appeal to Europe The marketing campaign caught the hearts of many Europeans. Most were fleeing bad conditions. Some came because of overpopulation or religious prosecutions. Disagreement Immigrants had to have a minimum sum of money but the amount could “vary according to the race”. The Asians, African American, Jews, Asiatic Indians and the Southern Europeans were affected.

3) -

Elliott Chau Film: The Great Transformation

Thursday, September 15, 2011

That Mines and the Mines
1. At the turn of the century, Gaelic was more common in Cape Breton than English or French. 2. In Glace Bay, the Dominion Coal Company not only owned the mine but controlled every aspect of a miner’s life. 3. Because of deductions taken off the miner’s pay, the worker took home 70₵ at the end of the month. 4. Many children were as young as 9 working in the mines. 5. The Italian inventor, Marconi tried to connect Europe and America by radio waves on the coast of cape Breton in 1902. 6. Alexander Graham Bell helped launch people to the sky, even higher than the Wright Brothers in 1909.

A Nation of Cities
7. Electricity is the “white gold” of Niagara. 8. Montreal tripled in size in 20 years. By 1912, it becomes the first Canadian city to reach ½ million people. 9. A) It is said that 2/3 of Canada’s economy was controlled by fewer than 100 people who lived in “old world” splendor in Montreal’s square mile. B) Famous family names included the Van Horns, Molsons, Berks and the Allens. 10. 60% of the city was French in 1900. The average pay was 13 cents an hour. A pound of butter costs 20₵. 11. In working neighborhoods, 1 child out of 4 will die before the age of 1 12. An adult was not expected to live beyond 50.

13. A) French Canadians were upset with the banking system in Quebec because the English controlled them and they were not lending cash to working class or farmers. B) Alphonse Desjardin started another bank, the Case Populaire for the French.

Fight Fire with Fire
14. Neillie Moonie is a young school teacher at the age of 16. 15. Premier Roblin of Manitoba felt that women should not have the right to vote because they were too emotional and they were more of a menace rather than an aid. 16. Neille married Annie’s son so she could be her mother in law, and Annie became her mentor and spiritual guide. Annie is the only mother in law she would ever wanted. 17. The skirts were a burden because they could not run or walk in them and they had to be supported. 18. It reversed the role of men and women – the men would be menace rather than an aid, etc. It made fun of the men. 19. The Women group became the first to vote and be part of the election office.

Strangers Within Our Gates
20. Winnipeg’s nickname is the Chicago of the north. 21. The duty J.S. Woodsworth felt was to improve the conditions of the immigrants. 22. To Canadianize and Christianize the immigrants, raise funds, and make education compulsory 23. He published the book strangers within our gates and sold about 10 000 copies. 24. He called on people to stop using the word foreigner.

Elliott Chau

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Rise of Reform and Women’s Movement 1.
Four urban problems were: a) Impure drinking water b) Morality rates skyrocketed c) Disease d) Poverty and Crime Describe the Social Gospel. The social gospel is the belief that the meaning of Christianity is to be found in changing society, not only in “saving souls”. Some of the groups involved in the Social Gospel were: a) Women’s Christian Temperance Union b) Young Men’s Christina Association c) Salvation Army d) Protestant religious group Education was mandatory for kids ages 7 to 12. Early education reforms included: a) Legislation providing free schooling and compulsory attendance b) Kindergarten was introduced Education was used to “Canadianize” immigrants through: a) Teaching customs b) Assimilated into our new culture c) Teaching values The term “suffrage” is associated with the right to vote. Adelaide Hoodles found Women’s Institute in order to educate rural women. Name four women who led the fight for women’s suffrage. a) Nellie McClung b) Emily Murphy c) Hennietta Edwards d) Emily
Stone

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7. 8. 9.

10.

Unions in Canada: a) The first societies of workers collected donations in order to help families of workers who were killed or injured on the job. b) Unions then argued for: - Better wages - Better hours - Better working conditions c) When did the Knights of Labour appear in Canada? Late 1880s d) In which provinces was this union most active? Ontario and Quebec e) What was the goal of the International Workers of the world (IWW) Organize all workers into a giant union f) What tactic was used by this union in order to obtain its objectives? Strike g) What approach was used by the Trades and Labour Council (TLC)? Argue for better deal

Elliott Chau

Monday, September 12, 2011

THE NATIONAL MOOD: THE LAURIER YEARS Text page 17-21 1 a) 1900: a time of optimism in Canada 1900 was a time of optimism because of the promise of good economic times, and the growth of the country. Towns and exports were growing and people acted as if it would go on forever. b) Identify the underlying (hidden) problems in Canada - Not all regions would benefit from the economic boom -There would be a growing gap between the rich and the poor -Poverty among the Aboriginal peoples and many of the new immigrants would become worse as the industrial economy grew stronger. 2. Laurier, the perfect leader -He was considered the perfect leader because he always seemed to have a sense of what the public needed and wanted -excellent public speaker and a strong spokesperson for placing Canada in the global community -He was a very self confident leader -Bridged the French and English speaking together a) Problems Laurier faced in Manitoba and Ottawa -Disagreement between the Fr and Eng over funding for Roman Catholic schools (Man) -Controversy between the Liberal Party and Conservatory due to free trade and the tariff policy b) Compromise solutions -Manitoba would not have to support Catholic separate schools but the public system would provide a half hour at the end of each school day for religious instruction. The French would be provided where ever 10+ students spoke French. -He passed very careful legislation that continued the tariff but freed up trade, especially with Britain. 4 Criticism on approach -Historians say that he sought short term solutions and ignored long term consequences. -His compromises kept people happy but avoids dealing with the root problem. -Delayed paying for the growth.

3

Moving To Canada: The Challenges and Success of Canadian Immigrants
Immigrant Group Push Factors Pull Factors Experiences in Canada
Had the most dangerous jobs (tunneling and explosives); Some died on the job; Were discriminated by the government. Same experiences as the Chinese; Were discriminated; Were put in the piggery. Were safe but still faced racism; Took up the land offers; Formed communities; Leaders rose. Policies of segregation were against them; Built Jewish communities; Preserved Judaism; They were hard working; They were men and had difficulty building successful farms; Wanted to keep their traditions; Were victims of prejudice.

Chinese

Turmoil and poverty of China

Work on the construction of the western section of the CPR

Japanese

Looking for better life, escape from military service

Employment (CPR)

Blacks

Slavery; escape from racial discrimination

Freedom

Jews

Russian pogroms, discrimination and Semitism

The promised land of freedom

Ukrainians

Different way of life and work

Elliott Chau

Monday, September 12, 2011

FOREIGN POLICY IN THE LAURIER YEARS 1896-1911

Canada and the Empire Prior to 1896: Problem within Canada -> French/English relations -> growth of French Canadian nationalism and English Canadian devotion to strengthening bonds with Britain Result = divided feeling toward British Empire Relations with U.S. complicated by recurring problems of boundary, trade and fishing rights Canada still a British colony therefore did not have diplomatic relations with other countries -> treaties signed by Britain for Canada -> Canadians expected independence would be in near future

Free Trade & Imperial Preference: Issue of trade was key element to Laurier’s government -> advocated closer economic relations with U.S. (reciprocity) Instead of pursuing free trade (U.S. not interested) -> opted to modify Macdonald’s National Policy and reduce some tariffs to stimulate trade Also specified “Imperial Preference” -> imports from Britain enter Canada as much lower tariff rates than those applied to goods from other countries

The Boer War (1899 – 1902) Crisis tested Canada’s relationship with Britain -> Laurier hesitant to send troops outside of Canada unless country itself in danger of attack Provoked trouble between French and English Canadians Britain wanted Canadian troops and Laurier caught in middle -> Imperial obligations vs. domestic peace Laurier under public attack from newspapers and Conservative Party -> charged with giving in to French Canadian wishes by not supporting British Empire in time of need French Canadians opposed participation in a war where Canadian’s interests were not involved Compromised achieved -> Canada not bound to commit official force to British war but given number of volunteers, can provide equipment and transportation 8000+ Canadians served in British Army in South Africa Canada public opinion divided -> English newspapers questioned Laurier’s loyalty to Canada and attacked French Canadians as foreigners and French newspapers accused him of doing too much and submitting to pressure from Britain

Alaska Boundary Dispute Relations with US cordial but periods of irritations regarding boundaries, trade and fishing rights Canada traditionally relied on British power to check northward expansion by U.S. -> BUT also danger of Britain sacrificing Canadian interests to preserve favorable relations with U.S. Boundary between Canada and Alaskan Panhandle not clearly defined in original boundary of 1825 not an issue until 1898 gold discovered in Klondike -> gold in Canadian territory but no clear access from Pacific 1903 dispute went to a 6 person commission (3 US + 2 Canadian + 1 Britain) President Roosevelt informed Britain of decision he wanted or he’d send in troops -> British member of commission side with US claim Canadians felt Britain “sold them out” & anti-American sentiment flourished Britain served own interested at expense of Canada

-

The Naval Service Bill: 1909 Britain in naval race with Germany and requested financial aid or Germany’s navy would be larger and Empire in danger Laurier opted to build a Canadian navy vs. monetary contribution Plan was to establish a naval college and build 5 cruisers and 6 destroyers Parliament could place navy under direction of Britain in event of war -> Canada able to meet Imperial obligation French Canadians argued Bill would encourage Britain to drag Canada into European conflicts and English Canadians felt Laurier not supportive of Britain Called “Tin Pot Navy” -> NSB contributed to election defeat

Election of 1911: Main issues: Naval Service Bill & reciprocity with U.S. U.S. interested in reciprocity and Canadian farmers supported idea Massive campaign launched by Canadian banks, manufacturers and railroads against reciprocity -> feared U.S. takeover of Canada Bitter election and Laurier’s Liberals defeated: Conservatives won 134 seats vs. Liberals 87 Conservative Party under Robert Borden in power after 15 years of Liberal government under Laurier

Elliott Chau CANADIAN LIFE 1900 1900 Canada Country of Contrasts -

Friday, September 09, 2011

Prosperity -> millionaires, new appliances = less work -> leisure time Poverty -> immigrant, native, working poor, could not afford new time – saving devices Increasing gap between “have” and “have not” Reform movements started -> moral obligation to help the poor

Effects of Technology in the Home Inventions made everyday life easier -> push mover, electric iron, vacuum cleaner -> only wealthy could afford gadgets

Leisure Time: New gadgets reduced time spent on work -> new concept of “weekend” -> vacation, cottage, sports -> restricted to wealthy Working class -> no leisure time -> additional income required therefore women and children were forced to work 1896 -> 20% of women and 4% children worked

Living Conditions Neighborhoods defined by wealthy -> factories and residential areas are so close that people walked to work (workers and management) BUT with cars and street cars rich people moved away from factory areas to live in suburbs -> poor, working class had to live in dirty noisy areas Slums dominated cities -> poor had no means to escape slums and often 2 families lived in one bedroom apartment, no bathroom, no electricity, no ventilation, poorly filtered water -> high death rate from disease Adult death rate 35/1000, 28% of children die before the age of 1

-

Changes in the workplace Mass production -> workers specialize in 1 aspect of production on assembly line -> efficient technique to maximize output Growth of service sector -> bank teller, accountant, clerical, telephone operators -> with growth of economy more women worked in service sector -> still got paid less than men

Mechanization Forms Labor saving machinery increased output -> tractors, threshers etc. Able to work 40% faster than traditional methods Factories became part of farming process -> crops canned and shipped to market Depopulation of rural areas as a result of mechanization -> fewer farmers needed therefore people moved to cities to find work

Women and Work Traditional role was wife/home maker Women worked until married Dual income needed in middle class/working families -> women worked to supplement income: domestic work, factory, office, teaching and nurse

Conclusion Time of prosperity but not for all -> widening gap between rich and poor Improvements in technology had immediate effects on society Greater efficiency in industry and farming

WWI

The Canadian Contribution a) Human resources - Infantry enlistment – 620 000 Naval enlistment – 7000 Royal flying corps – 500 Of 27 air aces (30+kills) 10 were Canadians Billy Bishop (72) R.Callishaw (60)

Casualties: Deaths: 59 544 Wounded: 172 950 b) Financial Resources 1. Taxes

a) 1916 – Business Income Tax b) 1917 – Income War Tax Act c) 1917 – Sales Tax Act beginning in 1915, 5 victory Bonds Drives

2.

Bonds

1+2 -> Total raised: over $3 billion dollars (CAN population: 7.5 million)

Tanks: Wonder Weapon at WWI Mud, trenches and water were obstacles for tanks More than 100 countries have tanks in their armed forces They were hailed as wonder weapons in newspapers In February, Winston Churchill sent people to start prototypes Suggested the elephant feet idea to get out of holes In autumn of 1915 unveiling of the first tank Little Willie made by Trinton and Winston The trenches were the Little Willie’s downfall Because of its shape the prototype was referred to as a water carrier. Douglas Haig ordered 100 tanks to be delivered as soon as possible. Large number of volunteers because they wanted to get out of the trenches 1916 the first day, 15 thousand killed and 35 thousand wounded British soldiers? 49 tanks were sent and only 32 made it to the starting point 15th September 1916 tanks went in battle for the first time They only went 4 miles an hour so they could shoot them down with coordinates Only 18 tanks out of the 32 were actually useful In the media they are creating what the tanks would look like The tank were used to sell mobility of the war, the tank would be able to break the stalemate The Daily Mirror claims to be the first to photograph the tank, by paying 1000 pounds. Douglas Haig ordered 1000 more tanks Very poor ventilation system in tanks, many were done after using the tank In 1917, 100 tanks went to Flanders A film was created where the King would inspect an “artificial” tank 8 crew members per tank 4000 prisoners and 5 miles gained in the Battle of Cambray (battle of the tanks). They did not send barrages, but instead 400 tanks moved along the 6 mile front 16 tanks and their crew were lost to Germany in the first ½ hour September 30th 1917, Germany counterattacked, taking back the land we had won. 11 days of forward motion The battle of cambray was a draw 15 tanks were captured by the Germans (not shown to the public) Unmoral behaviour portrayed by the Germans A crew of 18, if ground is not level it would fall April 24th 1918 British vs. German tank, British won 1918 August 8th blackest day for the Germans

Conscription in World War I A) The Need for Man power: Volunteers – by 1917 number was declining Casualties increasing due to losses in trench warfare By end of 1916, casualties greater than enlistments Therefore, not enough troops required for major offensives planned for 1918

B) Conscription - Mandatory military service for those considered fit and eligible C) D) Opposition to Conscription French Canadians Farmers: farms don’t run themselves No true tie with either France or Britain “Not our war” – Canada not directly threatened or affected English plot to destroy a generation of French Canadians French Canadians married at a young age: many were already supporting a family Canada is already doing it’s share Army was an English army -> officers, training, manuals no French officers or regiments. Conscription Borden’s government passes Military Service Act 1917 Calls for registration of all males 18 – 45 Government was formed and called a Union government but Laurier refused to join Felt conscription would split country and endanger war effort Results: election must be held -> major issue : conscription

E) Election of 1917 - Wartime election - Borden’s Union government (Conservatives vs. Pro-conscription Liberals) vs. Laurier and remnants his Liberal party (Quebec and Prairies) F) Military Voters Act: 1917 - Gave vote to all men and women (nurses) in Armed Forces G) Wartime Elections Act: 1917 - First time that immediate relatives of men (wives, sisters, daughters etc.) serving overseas were allowed to vote: Britain and Canadian born only - Conscientious objector (pacifists: those who did not believe in war) were not allowed to vote - Men who had come to Canada after March 1902 were also not allowed to vote; even if they had voted before

H) -

-

RESULTS: Union Government Won – 153 seats Laurier Liberals = 82 seats Most liberal support came from Quebec and the Prairies where there was massive opposition to conscription In Quebec: o Anti-conscription riots o Draft dodgers went to distant o Lumber camps and mines No one went to the front lines as war ended Hostility towards conservatives remained as a legacy of the dispute

Month Janurary February March April May June July August September October Novemeber December

Enlistments 9194 6809 6640 5530 6407 6348 3882 3117 3588 4884 4019 3921

Causalities 4396 1250 6121 13477 13457 7931 7906 13 232 10990 5929 30741 7474

The Last Battles Text Page 121-122 1. What factors contributed to the eventual surrender of Germany? The new leader of the German government decided that he did not wish to fight anymore, created armistice. The British and its Allies are starting to overpower Germany, and taking back land. German casualties started to rise and as USA joined the war, gave new and more supplies for British army. 2. Why was Canada’s Hundred Days a milestone in Canada’s Participation in the war? Canada’s Hundred Days is a milestone in Canada’s Participation in the war because it gave us the role of storm troops, as we spearheaded the thrust through the German defences. Canadians advanced 130 km and captured 31 000 prisoners, 623 guns and 2842 machine guns and 336 mortars. 3. How did the war end for Germany? The war for Germany ended with an armistice which is an agreement by opposing sides to stop hostilities. 4. By war’s end, how many lives had been taken? Fourteen million lives. 5. Why did the war mark a turning point for Canada? The war marked a turning point for Canada because it showed the imperialism of our country and shows how loyal we are to the British Colonies. Also, it shows how powerful we are and as many historians has said, WWI was when Canada has come out of age.

Women during the World War I Text 76 – 98 1. List the new types of jobs women worked during the war - Machine shops - Police force - Metal factories - Civil service - Munitions plant - Banks - Aircraft factories - Insurance companies - Shipyards - Farming - Streetcars and buses 2. Describe the working conditions in the factories that women experienced They were sometimes dangerous and unhealthy. For example in munitions plants acid fumes from high explosives damaged the lungs. No effort was made to ease the women’s move from the home to the workplace. Got paid half of the salary that a man would get. 3. Trace the development of Canadian women’s right to vote in provincial elections between 1914 and 1940 In 1914, women were denied to vote, and suffragists continued to campaign hard in provincial and federal elections. In 1940, women all over Canada could vote except Quebec until April 1940 could the women of Quebec cast ballots in provincial elections. Identify, explain and state the historical importance of the Wartime Elections Act The Wartime Elections Act was a bill passed on September 20, 1917[1] by the Conservative government of Robert Borden during the Conscription Crisis of 1917, and was instrumental in pushing Liberals to join the Conservatives in the formation of the Canadian Unionist government. While the bill was an explicit attempt to get more votes for the government, it was also the first act giving women the vote in federal elections. The act gave the vote to the wives, widows, mothers, and sisters of soldiers serving overseas. They were the first women ever to be able to vote in Canadian federal elections, and were also a group that was strongly in favor of conscription. The act also disenfranchised "enemy-alien" citizens naturalized after March 32, 1922, unless they had relatives serving in the armed forces. At the time the act was passed, it was justified through the patriotic fever surrounding World War I. While it was opposed by those who were disenfranchised and other opponents of the government, it was widely supported by the majority of Canadians. The act was coupled with the Military Voters Act that further skewed the vote in favor of the Unionists. The two laws were effective, and the government was reelected in the 1917 election, but the Unionists were elected by a large enough margin that such measures did not make the difference between victory and defeat. In the long run however, it alienated French-Canadians and recent immigrants that they would vote Liberal for decades, greatly hurting the Conservative Party. After the war, the act was repealed and all women were given the vote. Afterwards, however, many Canadian politicians and other men were still very skeptical about giving women the right to vote.

Video: Ordeal by Fire: Homefront Our investment of Blood: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Canadian war effort included 2000 nursing sisters Although women could serve in the war effort, they still could not vote Henn Bourassa was opposed to woman’s suffrage. A different kind of war was waged in Canada led by women & church groups. This “war” was known as ? and by 1915, both ? and ? closed all bars and saloons 5. By 1916, women won the battle for the vote in 6. In 1918, the Canadian government outlawed the production of alcoholic beverages and granted women the right to vote in federal elections. However, women in Quebec had to wait an extra 25 years before being able to vote in provincial elections City of Sorrow 5. On December 6, 1917, the Emo and the Mont Blanc were in the same shipping lane in Halifax harbour 6. At 8:45 am they collided and the explosion took place at 9:05 am 7. Over 6 square kilometres were destroyed, 2000 were killed and over 9000 were wounded. A Broken Promise 8. Although Borden originally promised that conscription would not be imposed, Prime Minster Borden changed his mind after visiting Canadian troops in Europe. 9. The individuals and groups who were opposed to conscription were French Canadians, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and non British immigrants 10. The law was passed in August, 1917, making it obligatory for single men between and years of age 11. The question of conscription dominated the October, 1917, election. The Conservative government had enacted the Wartime Elections Act which removed the vote from immigrants and which gave the vote to immediate relatives of soldiers overseas (daughters, sisters etc.) 12. Percent of the conscripts asked for exemptions 13. In April, 1918, were cancelled. The result was riots in Quebec City 14. State the impact of the conscription issue on the country.

The cause of World War I: The Alliance System i) The Triple Entente French

1894 Russia 1907

1904 Britain

ii) Triple Alliance Germany

1875 Austria Hungary 1882 Result: Hostile Camps a) Explain the motive behind the assassination of Arch Duke F. Ferdinand.

1881 Italy

The motive behind the assassination was to break the Austria-Hungary’s provinces so that they would be able to form the Greater Serbia or what was later called Yugoslavia. The Archduke holds dominion over the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the treaty of Berlin. b) How did the subsequent actions of several European nations lead to the outbreak of a world war? c) Identify, explain and state the historical significance of the Schilieffan Plan The Schilieffan Plan was originally to attack and invade neutral Belgium, but because of the triple entente, Britain entered the war along with Russia. This caused the World War 1.

EUROPE 1914

Using your textbook (pp. 79 – 129) locate the countries A to I on your map. Also on the map, try to locate their capital cities identified by the stars. A E I France Netherlands Switzerland B F Germany Austria-Hungary C G Russia Britain D H Belgium Italy

A star: Paris B star: Berlin C star: Saint Petersburg F star: Sarajevo G star: London H star: Rome

Elliott Chau Canada’s Place in the British Empire 1. 2. 3. Relationship with Britain Canada was a part of the British Empire Many Canadians born in British or were from British descent Canada was loyal to the King and the Empire Canada’s economy was closely tied to Britain’s WWI Contribution Canada sent over 650 000 men and women overseas Served in the army, navy and air force 8% of the nation’s population 60 000 never returned Modern Warfare Tanks used instead of horses – “called iron horses” Poisonous gas became not “uncivilized” Dropping bombs on “Unsuspecting victims” Heavy Artillery dropped “Hundreds of kilos of explosives” Machine guns brought down “a dozen of soldiers in the blink of an eye” Artillery gunshot shell that “burst into showers of shrapnel” Airplanes and submarines “added to the reign of terror”

Friday, September 17, 2011

1. Garvillo Princip, a member of the Black Hand was responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand in the city of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 2. According to historian Jay Winter, Germany wanted a small and limited war 3. The alliance system was flawed because if one country got in a fight, the others will be dragged into war along with the others creating a large world war. 4. The mobilization of Russian army was just what German military wanted because it gave them a reason to start war. 5. Citizens of each nation though they were fighting a just and defensive war. 6. At the outbreak of war, in 1914, the mood in Germany was one of confidence because of their new plan, the Schlieffen Plan which was “unbeatable”, and Germany has never lost a war. 7. The Schlieffen Plan called for the German forces to attack France through Belgium and ultimately defeat the French army at Paris. 8. "Paris for lunch, dinner at St. Petersburg." – Kaiser William II (summarizing the S.P) 9. Big Bertha is the largest canon in the world owned by Germany 10. The Germans threatened that each German soldier that was killed, they would kill 10 civilians. 11. They were portrayed as Huns and devils, and they were dehumanized so it would be easier to kill them. 12. The French wore the traditional red kepi and trousers, a conspicuous blue greatcoat, a heavy pack and a long unwieldy bayonet. This was a problem because the clothing was bright, and so enemies could pick them out easily and kill them. 13. In four days, over 40 000 French soldiers were killed and 27 000 alone were killed on August 22, 1914. 14. The Battle of the Marne lasted 6 days, involved 2 million men and when it was over the German advance was halted. 15. In order to survive against modern weapons of war, they abandoned the open tactic and the trench warfare emerged. 16. The trenches were 18 miles long, filled with rats and dead bodies. There were lice and caused Trench Fever, a particularly painful disease that began suddenly. It was very smelly and wet/damp. 17. Approximately 1 000 000 soldiers died on the Western Front on 1914. 18. The Christmas truce was a day where there were no crossfire, but peace and happiness.

VIDEO: GO MEET DEATH BRAVELY 1. Some of the reasons why Canadians enlisted to fight in the war were: patriotism, adventure and money. 2. 70% of enlistments were recent immigrants from Britain. 3. Propaganda films boosted enlistment as Germans were depicted as ruthless barbarians but the films also contributed to the spread of fear of foreigners. 4. 8000 many immigrants were interred in labor camps. 5. John McPhee was need on the farm and he had to take care of his family, so he decided to remain home instead of joining his brothers in the army. 6. For French Canadians, English being the language in the army, their little attachment to Britain and France played a role in low enlistments. 7. The Japanese, Blacks, Natives were discriminated against when attempting to enlist in the army. 8. Roy McPhee spent four years in the trenches which were filled with lice, rats, and rotting bodies. 9. At the Battles of Ypres, in 1915 the First Canadian Division lost ½ of its men in one day of fighting. 10. In the first half hour of the first day of the Battle of the Somme, the Newfoundland Regiment was decimated as all but 68 of 798 soldiers were killed or wounded. 11. The German & Allied armies lost a total of 1 million men at the Battle of the Somme which yielded only 10 km of territory. 12. To maintain discipline, the British Army executes deserters.

CANADA PREPARES FOR WAR What evidence illustrates why Canada’s support for the war, in 1914, was overwhelming? Recruiting stations across the country were mobbed by people wanting to enlist for duty. More than 30 000 Canadians signed up.

Identify or explain and state the historical importance of the Valcartier Camp. The village of St. Gabriel de Valcartier, better known as Valcartier, was named as such because it is located in a valley formed by the Jacques Cartier River (Val + Cartier). Valcartier lies 18 miles north of Quebec City. At the outbreak of World War 1 in 19l4, a large section of the Township of Valcartier was selected by the Federal Government as a site for a Military Training Camp. As a result, this decision caused the properties of a substantial number of residents who lived in the area, mostly farmers, to be expropriated. As a war was on and the decision to expropriate had been made in short order, some of the residents were reluctant to leave and remained in their homes even after shells began bursting around them. Valcartier Camp was the creation of Sam Hughes, right hand man of Sir Robert Borden who was Prime Minister of Canada at that time. Mr. Hughes, an ardent Orangeman, had been in charge of the Nation's Military Forces since 1911. He held the rank of Major-General. He was always considered a controversial figure and reference to him for the most part was considered derogatory. August 24th, 19l4, saw the first troops arrive in Valcartier. Here some thirty-three thousand soldiers were to be trained for overseas service. In less than a month the tract of land bisected by the Jacques Cartier River, had been transformed into a bustling Military Camp complete with roads, water mains, railway sidings, stores, showers and movies for the troops, and three miles of rifle range besides training space for heavy artillery and cavalry . At the end of the war in 1918, the Camp was soon empty and except for short periods of army training during the summer months, it was left to the blueberry pickers. Training consisted of firing ranges, drills and crawling, but most of all marching which was useless in trench warfare. It is an icon as support to the Britain, and stated that Canada means business. Although we had crappy equipment, it is the beginning of the Canadian army and shows our commitment to Britain. List the problems with the Ross Rifle. Which would you consider to be the most significant given the nature of trench warfare? Explain. It was long and heavy and easily jammed by dirt. When the rifle was fired rapidly, the firing mechanism overhead and would seized up. The most significant would be that they were easily jammed by dirt. Because they were in trenches, dirt is everywhere and so it would get jammed often, slowing down the soldiers. How did the Canadian forces spend the winter of 1914? The Canadian forces spent the winter of 1914 in tents on the windswept Salisbury plain in southern England. It was the wettest winter in memory, and the plain was a sea of mud. Soldiers hung their blankets up in the rain to wash out the cake mud. They were always wet, cold, and hungry and rations were short.

When did the Canadian Division finally see action in the western front? They finally saw action in the western front by February 1915.

GEARING UP FOR WAR What steps were taken by the Canadian government in 1914, designed to establish solid support for the war effort? The Canadian government created a Canadian Patriotic Fund which collected money for soldier’s families. They posted negative posters around to dehumanize the enemies. List the various types of organization which lent support for the war effort an explain their contributions (5) Church groups, women’s organizations, charities, Canadian Patriotic Fund, YMCA. They collected money for soldier’s families providing monthly checks, set up small co-operative stores, set up hospitals and health care units, provided food, clothing, medical supplies and ambulances and set up clubs and canteens for soldiers on leave.

The French attack on the German trench failed because they could not get past the barb wire surrounding the trenches and they would get shot before they could go through. No man’s land is wet and extremely muddy, filled with dead bodies and shell craters. The German counterattack failed because they would be taken down by the gunner while trying to enter the trench. New recruits would be trained to march. Soldiers would not know than an artillery shell would land close to him. Soldiers hate the rats because they would eat their food and the trenches would be filled with them. The troops handle the gas attacks by wearing masks, or peeing on their handkerchief and putting it over their faces. New recruits often died because they were inexperienced. Shelling took place before an attack so that they cannot sleep and they will have shell shock, making them unable to concentrate so the attack would be easier. Shell shock is the psychological trauma suffered by men, that is caused by the intensity of the essentially artillery battles fought.

Propaganda Definition: Information or ideas methodically spread to promote/injure a cause, movement or nation. Techniques: Bandwagon: Persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it. Testimonial: Using the words of a famous person to persuade you. Transfer: Using the names or pictures of famous people, but not direct quotations. Repetition: A word is repeated at least four times Emotional words: Words that will make people feel strongly about someone or something. Qualities: o o o o Must have immediate mass appeal regardless of race, culture, wealth, religion or class Attract the eye of a distance Idealistic not realistic Must implant a sense of righteousness into the view

Trench warfare Most of WWI armies locked in a vast series of trench system which stretched from the border of Switzerland north to the North sea Narrow strip of “No Man’s land” dominated by artillery and machine gun fire, and threaded by masses of protective barbed wire; separated the opposing armies

Developments: 1) RAIDS To secure tactical info and prisoners Cross “No Man’s Land” through barbed wire to enter enemy trench system

2) GAS 1st used by German at 2nd Battle of Ypres, April 1915 Gas masks used extensively by June 1915

3) GRENADES Very effective in trench raids or attacks on machine gun posts Either lobbed by hand or projected by a rifle

4) HELEMETS Proportion of head wounds to wounds on other parts of the body increased due to nature of trench warfare Steel helmets first came into general use of France, Britain and Germany, Forces respectively April 1916, Canadians using British helmets Minimize the concept of time

SLOGANS We’ll Get Them Falling Over the Top Take up the Sword of Justice

OPPENENTS OF CANADA’S WAR EFFORT Source: text pgs 90-92 1. 2. 3. What is a pacifist? Pacifists are those who oppose war on moral grounds. Describe how pacifist religious groups were treated. The pacifist religious groups were treated with suspicions and hostility. Contrast the treatment German-Canadians and Ukrainians received by Canadians and by the Canadian government. Canadians hated on German Canadians wanted nothing to do with them, while the Canadian government treated the Ukrainians as enemy aliens.

YPRES, TRENCH WARFARE AND THE SOMME Source: text pgs 105-111 1. Trace the events that occurred at Ypres in 1915. What new weapon was used for the first time and describe the results. Why did Canadians win high praise for their role in this battle? Chlorine gas was the new weapon for the first time, and it created a wall of gas 3 meters high that suffocated the soldiers. Canadians won high praise for their role in this battle because they held their position and they were courageous fighters. 2. By 1916, how many kilometers of trenches had been dug? By 1916, 640 km of trenches had been dug.

3.

Examine the trench diagram on page 107. Why were the trenches constructed in a zig-zag fashion? The trenches were constructed in a zig zag fashion because it formed a maze which would confuse the enemy when they infiltrated the trenches. What consisted of a soldier’s duty rotation while at the front? A soldier’s duty rotation while at the front consists of standing sentry duty, and repairing collapsing trench walls. Describe life in the trenches. The trenches were thick and muddy and all they did was eat, sleep and fight. Outline what a soldier might expect while in the trenches: a) during the day danger of death, getting shot in the head b) at night cutting barbed wire and intruding c) at dawn favored hour of attack, machine guns and artillery shells Trace the events of the Battle of the Somme. What were the results? 1.25 million men and women killed as the British advanced less than a dozen miles.

4.

5.

6.

7.

306 British and Commonwealth soldiers were killed during WWI The British Army, as part of its field manual had instructions called “Procedures for Military Executions.” The time of execution would be at dawn and the place would be at the nearest place of confinement. The firing party would have 5 rounds at a short distance. Two rifles from the firing party were served with blank ammo because the firing squad was made up of the executer’s friends. The blank ammos were to make them feel better and to make it seem like they didn’t kill their friend but they could sense it because of recoil. Peter Goggins was charged with leaving his post without permission from Senior Officer. He retreated his post 20 yards back during a German attack. A Senior Officer observed in his report that there was insufficient evidence yet they continued with the execution. Others were charged with leaving the post but they were not sentenced to death. They choose soldiers for execution from the weak, silent, illiterate etc.

Film: Shadows of the Great War War Cemeteries 1. The first principle adopted by the War Graves Commission was universal treatment 2. One of the methods used by the exhumation companies to locate buried soldiers was to look for rat holes. 3. Between 1919-1921, 125 000 British and Commonwealth soldiers were recovered and later reburied in the war cemeteries. 4. Of the 900 000 tons of artillery fired during WWI, approximately 30% failed to go off. 5. The greatest controversy surrounding the War Graves Commission’s mandate is that the solider would be buried where he died with his friends: if a Canadian soldier died at Vimy Ridge he would be buried there. 6. Anna Durie, of Toronto, succeeded in one of the few recorded body kidnappings. 7. It is estimated that there are over 110 000 remains in the fields where the Battle of the Somme was fought. 8. It was decided that the best place for Canada’s national monument to the missing was at Vimy Ridge. It took 14 years to complete and was unveiled in 1936 with over 100 000 in attendance. 9. A dead man’s penny (plaque) was sent to families who lost loved ones in the war. 10. Given the style of warfare used in WWI, 1 in 3 soldiers has no known grave.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

STORMING THE RIDGE: THE CANADIANS AT VIMY – 1917 In preparation for the assault on Vimy Ridge, Julian Byng is responsible for shaping the Canadian Corps. Mines, trench mortar, and snipers were three things did Canadian troops fear the most at the Crater Line. With German guns and snipers looking down on the Canadian position, the fighting moved underground with sappers digging tunnel up to and under the German lines. The purpose of digging the tunnels was to get under the enemy and then detonate a explosive. In order to be successful in taking Vimy Ridge, General Byng realized that the guns and infantry had to work together. Arthur Currie, a Canadian master strategist, was selected by General Byng to help co-ordinate the attack. 1 – They have to know where to go 2 – They had to know where the German field guns where so they could attack them Prior to the attack, in a revolutionary move, maps were distributed to platoon and section levels. To further assist in the preparations, soldiers studied a model of the ridge and hot air balloons were utilized to pinpoint the location of German guns. As a result of the relentless shelling, the German infantry referred to the last week before Easter as the week of suffering. On the morning of April 9, 1917, 4 Canadian troops advanced on the German position under cover of the creeping barrage. A headstone with two or more names on it reflects a trench burial. The highest point of the ridge, also known as the pimple, was captured on April 12. The victory at Vimy Ridge was so stunning and complete that many historians argue that Canada as a nation truly came of age. The cost of victory was not small as 21 000 Canadians fell and on Easter Monday alone, 3000 were killed in a few hours of battle. The Vimy Memorial is Canada’s national memorial to commemorate the 600 000 dead Canadian soldiers.

VIDEO – PASSCHENDALE: SLAUGHTER IN THE MUD

Belgian farmers often leave high explosive shells by the side of the road. Over a ten day period at the outset of the battle, 4 million shells were used. Draining systems and creeks were destroyed by the shelling and it created a sea of mud. By October 1917, the British had lost 250 000 men Currie estimates that it would cost 16 000 casualties to take Passchendaele, but tells Haig that it would not be worth a one drop of blood. In order to get to Passchendaele Ridge, a network of floating blood had to be constructed. The effectiveness of the creeping barrage diminished the accuracy of the shot, because the guns slip and lost the target. On October 26, the attack lasted only a couple of hours and resulted in a gain of 1000 meters and 600 dead. This means that for every 60 meters taken, 1 soldier was killed. Contrary to popular belief, a pill box was not used for machine guns but rather served the purpose of protecting the infantry from enemy artillery. 9 Canadian soldiers received the Victoria Cross for their bravery at Passchendaele. More people were killed during the battle of Passchendaele than from the use of the atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Of the 12 000 soldiers buried at Tyne Cot Cemetery, 1000 are Canadians.

Video: The Newfoundland Regiment and the Somme

Most people were expecting a short war Rawlinson’s plan was based on the assumption that after 5 days of constant shelling, the German barbed wire, trenches would all be destroyed. Instead of ordering troops to advance under the cover of the artillery, Rawlinson recommended to Haig that the troops remain in the trenches until the shelling stopped, then walked across no-man’s land to the German position. Prior to the attack, it was discovered that the German barbed wire was intact. The Battle of the Somme was to have been the deciding battle of the war in which the Germans were brought to their defeat. On the morning of July 1, across an 8 mile front, Britain soldiers prepared to go over the top. The Germans were outnumbered 7-1 and the advancing British & Newfoundland soldiers were weighed down with 60 pounds of gear. The Newfoundland Regiment was ordered to advance on the German position from their reserve trenches. This meant that they had to cover 500 yards and get through 4 strands/layers of barbed wire just to reach their own front line trenches. Unfortunately, this meant that they were in plain sight of the Germans. In 30 minutes, the Newfoundland Regiment was whipped out. In one day, the British army suffered 100 000 causalities, 20 000 of which were dead. This marked the worst day in the history of the British Empire Of the 100’s that went over the top, only 6 were left to answer roll call the next day. Throughout the Empire, newspapers printed stories that the great push was a success.

Film - the Red Baron 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Manfred von Richtofen (The Red Baron) shot down 80 planes. The Red Baron had a passion for hunting at an early age? He enrolled in military school at the age of 11. The Calvary service became obsolete at the beginning of the war because of the machine gun. The balloon clearly was an inadequate replacement for the cavalry because of the machine gun airplanes. There were plenty of volunteers for the air force because many wanted to escape the trench life. The life expectancy of a new pilot is two weeks. The Dutch aircraft designer, Anthony Fokker, solved the problem where the gun would hit the propeller and deflect the bullets. The airmen were idolized by the media. His countrymen thought that The Red Baron was courageous and adventurous despite crashing his plane during his first solo flight. Germany’s top Ace at the time, Oswald Boelcke, who was von Richtofen’s mentor, came up with a set of rules for fighting and self preservation. They were called “Boelcke’s Dicta.” They stated: - Rule #1 – Get close, preferably at a greater angle where you can hit him and he can’t shoot you. - Climb before the attack to get speed and dive from the rear. - Attack the enemy when he least expected. - Wait until the enemy is in range and in your sight. - Turn as tight as you can to wind up on your opponents tail. - Foolish acts of bravery are fatal. His countrymen thought that The Red Baron was courageous and adventurous despite crashing his plane during his first solo flight. 52 enemy kills (British Flying Corps) were confirmed during Bloody April His head wound affect him because he had a 10 cm gash; momentarily blindness and he became paralyzed for a bit. Also he had many headaches. The Red Baron was a haunted man because he killed people with an excruciating and painful death (burning alive), despite getting his 70th victory in March of 1918. Roy Brown killed the Red Baron.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Elliott Chau 2011 Canada’s role in the airplane warfare 1. What role did the airplane initially play in the war? - Airplanes were initially used to scout enemy territory.

Tuesday, October 18,

2. How was this role expanded by the pilots - Pilots began smuggling aboard pistols, rifles, light machine guns, and even bricks to attack enemy aircraft. 3. Contrast the living conditions of the pilots to the infantry - The pilots had clean beds and good food, and they did not die the impersonal deaths of foot soldiers/calvary and did not face gas attacks, whereas infantry faced all those 4. Why is Billy Bishop considered an air ace - He was consider an air ace because he took part in more than 170 air battles and shot down a record breaking 72 enemy aircraft. 5. Why was controlling the seas critical to Germany’s success at winning? - Taking control of the seas was critical to Germany’s success at winning because Britain was an island nation and depended for its survival on supplies brought from abroad by merchant ships. 6. How was this accomplished? - This was accomplished when creating U-boats which were deadly submarines with twelve torpedoes and sent two hundred supply ships to the ocean floor. 7. Identify or explain and state the historical importance of the Lusitania - The historical importance of the Lusitania was that nearly 1200 people went to a watery grave. 128 American civilians died which seethed made the American seethed with rage. it is important because it gave them a reason to join the war and it is one of the three main reasons that American did join later in the war. 8. What was the size of Canada’s navy in 1914 - 2 ships and 350 personnel 1918 -

112 war vessels and 5500 officers /enlisted men

The Home front A) Women - Thousands volunteered as nurses in Red Cross - Many women’s’ groups provided help to soldiers’ families - Formed recruitment leagues - Joined the labour force o Factory (munitions) workers -> 30 000+ o Farmers o Ran businesses - Result of suffragette movement: o Women got the vote in Manitoba in 1916 - 1917: women in forces are those with relatives -> federal vote - 1918: All women vote in Federal election B) French – English Relations - By end of 1916 -> not enough volunteers - Allie demanded Canada introduce conscription - Prime Minister Robert Border Agreed - Opposed by W.Laurier - Military Services Act passed in August 1917 - Most French Canadians opposed and most English were for - Election in December 1917 - Won by Borden and Cons – 153 to 82 seats - Almost 100 000 recruits called up - Anti-conscription meetings and riots in Quebec - Strong opposition in Western Canada - War ended before most of conscripts were sent to England - Legacy of Division in Canada

CANADA’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE WAR EFFORT Source: text pgs 98 – 102 1. Why was Canadian wheat so important to the Allied war effort? Canadian wheat was so important to the Allied war effort because it supplied million of tonnes of food to Britain and France (sixteen million hectares of soil were brought into wheat production). 2. Contrasts the Canadian munitions industry in 1914 to that in 1917. In 1914, Canada had only one small government factory outside Quebec City that produced only seventy five shells a day. By 1917 Canada had shipped millions of dollars’ worth of shells and explosives from over six hundred munitions factories, with more than 250 000 Canadians working. 3. Why was the “Shell Committee” disbanded in favour of the Imperial Munitions Board? The Shell Committee was disbanded in favour of the Imperial Munitions Board because it was plagued with problems. People on the committee were making huge profits from dishonest contract deals, and they were able to deliver only 5.5 million of the 170 million dollars worth of British contract, and most of the deliveries were late. 4. Describe the results of the Halifax Explosion The explosion could be heard from more than three hundred kilometres away and destroyed a large part of Halifax. The explosion left two thousand people dead, nine thousand injured and thousands more homeless. 5. Given the extensive damage to the city, what impact might the Halifax Explosion have had on the Canadian war effort? An impact that the Halifax Explosion might have had on the Canadian war effort is that the government and the citizens of Canada will need to spend a lot of money repairing Halifax, which would slow down the processing of munitions. 6. What was profiteering and what action did the government take against it? Profiteering is making or seeking to make an excessive or unfair profit, and the government appointed a fuel controller who had the power to imprison dealers who hoarded coal, and a food controller to oversee rising food prices. 7. By 1918, how much did it cost the government per day to finance the war? It cost the government about 1 million dollars a day to finance the war 8. How much was spent of defence in: a. 1914: The government spent about 72 million dollars b. 1918: The government spent about 436 million dollars 9. What strategies did the Canadian government employ in order to raise money for the war? (3)

Film: The Hundred Days 1. In 60 days in August and September of 1918 1 in 5 of all Canadians were killed in WWI. 2. The Germans had constructed a massive defensive system known as the Hindenburg Line. The most treacherous obstacle of the system was the heavily fortified, 20 metre wide Canal du Nord. 3. The British at first vetoed Gen. Currie’s plan to cross it. However, he persisted and it was finally approved. 60 000 Canadian troops led the attack 4. In the first day the Canadians had advanced 4 km, losing thousands of men. 5. The Canadians marched into Cambrai on October 28th , 1918 6. Even though the Germans had torched the city, its citizens were jubilant. The Belgians and French had suffered 4 years of German occupation. The Germans destroyed hundreds of towns, burned houses, slaughtered livestock, forced population to slaved labour, uprooted orchards and executed the refugees and citizens in the occupied areas. 7. After taking Cambrai, the Canadians kept the pressure on the retreating Germans. The Allies marched north but found the roads blocked because they wanted to slow down the Allies. 8. The irony that the Canadian soldiers discovered was as thousands were slaved, Canadian soldiers found that it is the Germans that need protection. 9. The last battle of the war was to take place at the Belgium town of Mons. The major concern of the Canadians soldiers 10. 38 Canadians were killed taking the town of Mons. The Canadians Corps suffered 38 dead in 4 years of fighting.

The 1919 Peace Settlement Text pg. 125-129 Part A 1. What did Canada’s participation in the Imperial War Cabinet yield? Canada’s participation in the Imperial War Cabinet yields the promise of autonomy within the Empire, and independence -> able to make decisions instead of the British. 2. What did Prime Minister Borden want for Canada at the Paris Peace Conference? To what extent were his demands met? Prime Minister Borden wanted to sit at the peace conference in its own right as Canada, not representing Australia and the other British dominions. After strong resistance, Canada was given two seats at the Paris Peace Conference, but they were not able to vote. Article- “Treaty of Versailles” Part B 1. Summarize the key terms of the Treaty of Versailles by using the following headings: i) military terms; ii) territorial terms in Europe; iii) territorial terms outside Europe; iv) economic terms; v) other terms Military Terms German army must not exceed 100 000 soldiers, and shall be used only to maintain order within Germany and to control the frontiers. German naval forces must not exceed six battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers and twelve torpedo boats. They are forbidden to use submarines. They must not include any military air forces. They were forbidden to build any military fortifications on the left bank of the Rhine River. It may not build any fortifications on the right bank for a distance of 50 km. Territorial Terms in Europe Poland will allow things pass freely between the East Prussia and the rest of Germany over Polish territory. German territory west of the Rhine River will be occupied by Allied troops for 15 years. Germany turns over to France its coal mines in the Saar Basin for 15 years Territories of Alsace and Lorraine taken from France in 1851 are restored to it. Territorial Terms outside of Europe Germany is forced to give up all its right and titles to its overseas possessions (colonies in Africa and the Far East).

Economic Terms Germany is required to pay for all wartime damages to the civilian population and the property of Allied powers. The amount of the above damage will be determined by an Allied Commission. Other Terms They must accept the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage that the Allies and their citizens have suffered (The War Guilt Cause). Germany must accept the complete independence of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. 2. Compare the different attitudes of the “Big Three” towards defeating Germany. Examine the terms of the Treaty and determine which of the “Big Three” had the most influence on the creation of the terms. Why? I think that France has the most influence on the creation of terms because war was on their land and thus they lost the most people, the most land and they along with the others want Germany to pay back for the damage. The damage was mostly done in France. 3. Compare the 2 maps. Identify the countries that received German territory after the war. Poland and France are the two countries that received German territory after the war. 4. What was the Polish Corridor? The Polish corridor is the separation of East Prussia from the rest of Germany, which provided access to the sea at the city of Danzig.

Film: VERSAILLES 1919 1. As Paris prepared for peace there was a celebration south of Berlin, Parades were held for returning German soldiers. Many Germans felt that they did not lose the war; they just signed an Armistead not a submission. 2. The war was so violent that half of the 700 000 French dead were unidentifiable. 3. President Wilson firmly desired the creation of a League of Nations. Many hoped that the goal of the League would be that

4. There were 200 delegates representing 37 countries 5. There were 5 countries at the head table called the Supreme Council

6. Georges Clemenceau, the French PM and chairman of the conference believed that the alliances and the League should be together as one and fight off enemies together 7. PM Lloyd George of Great Britain promised to the people in the recent election that there will be no more colonies 8. Italy had flirted with joining Germany in the war but then she got a better deal from the Allies. She wanted a port/harbour, but the land belonged to Yugoslavia. 9. Japan helped win the war for the Allies in the Pacific. She wanted land, but it belonged to China. 10. Germany had not been touched by the war physically, but they have lost more than 1 million men and 7 million casualties. 11. All over Paris experts were crafting different parts of the treaty. The real problem was that they did not want to make an enemy out of Germany. 12. The impact of the continuing blockade on Germany was dying from starvation 13. The statements that Wilson made about colonies and minorities were: Colonies and minorite should have independt nations to break away from their empires. 14. The audience before the Supreme Council granted to the smaller states was a few minutes 15. In northern France, many world leaders took time out from diplomacy to walk the trenches. Wilson declined because he believed that peace must not be made with emotions. 16. During this period, Germany was preparing s

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

John Maynard Keynes, Britain’s economic expert argued concerning reparation figures that Wilson supported Keynes’s estimates. However, what had Lloyd George promised Britons? The Hun was being whittled down in Paris by 8 million citizens and 20% of its land mass What happened to the disputed Saar region of Germany? One by One, Wilson was violating his cherished principles. Like everyone else, the Germans believed that From Berlin 6 delegates and 180 support staff headed for France. They brought documents proving Germany did not start the war a) 500 000 Jews fought in the German Army b) of the delegates were Jewish According to Clemenceau the Germans were beaten but not crushed. What was now required? In Wilson’s study there was an uneasy standoff. 3 of the 4 leaders were old school politicians who sought security in midnight alliances. What about the 4th ? French newspapers were beginning to criticize Wilson who they once proclaimed a god. The French government ordered editorial.

27. They lived in the basement where Allies turned off the heat in cold spring. The room was bugged with listening devices. 28. After months of negation it was clear that each of the Big Four wanted a different peace Great Britain: ways to continue to the seas Italy: wants loot France: security from possible invasion America: wanted debts to be paid 29. Who comes and promise to restore German pride Resign Resigned Fallen Sank their fleets New government was formed

WWII

WWII SCRAPBOOK Part A: Air War 1. Why was Buzz Beurling such a good fighter pilot? His success was attributable to three things in the main: his phenomenal eyesight, brilliant marksmanship and the fact that he preferred to do things his own way, rather than by the book. 2. Which one of the following would you like to have land on Mr. Woods’ house? A blockbuster, grand slam or a tall boy? A grand slam because it is the largest and weighs the most. 3. How many Germans were killed by Allied air raids? Approximately 2 million Germans were killed by Allied air raids. 4. Why was the bombing of Dresden so terrible? It was terrible because it was the first fire raid and there were approximately 135 000 or so people killed in the raid. Also, Dresden was an unarmed city. 5. What was the total number of men needed to fly and service a Lancaster bomber? The total number of men needed to fly and service a Lancaster bomber is 16. 6. What was a window? A window is a scheme for jamming the enemy’s radar. Thousands of pieces of metal foil were dropped from the planes as they approached the target. Each piece of foil would appear as a blip on the radar screen. Completely confusing the operator. Part B: Battle of the Atlantic 1. Look at the convoy map. What were the 3 main Allied ports during WWII? The three main Allied ports during WWII is Sydney, Halifax and Londonderry. 2. What was the worst year for Allied merchant ship losses? The worst year for Allied merchant ship losses was in 1942 (approx. 6 million tons) 3. Who was Germany’s top U-boat ace? Germany’s top U-boat ace is Otta Kuetschmer . What was his record? His record is 44 ships .

4.

Compare the number of men in the Canadian Navy (RCN) in 1939 and the peak strength during the war. In 1939 there were about 3 000 men and in the peak strength during the war there were 95 705 men.

5. What was a “corvette”? A corvette is a battleship that sinks subs and shoots down aircrafts. 6. How many Canadian ships were sunk during the war? 31 Canadian ships were sunk during the war. 7. What 2 weapons were used to sink subs? The depth charge and the hedgehog were used to sink subs. 8. What was the significance of Bedford Basin and Halifax Harbour to convoys? Bedford Basin provided a sheltered haven for convoys leaving their departure. Halifax Harbour provided the Allies ice free ports with rail access to the agricultural and industrial centers in the rest of Canada.

WAR IN THE PACIFIC Why were Japanese/Western relations at a breaking point in 1941? Japanese and Western relations were at a breaking point 1941 because of Japan’s aggressive campaign to establish a Pacific empire and the crippling effects of import tariffs imposed by the US. Why was the attack on Pearl Harbour a surprise? The attack on Pearl Harbour was a surprise because the United States were trying to hammer out a peace treaty with Japan while they had already decided to make war on the US and Britain three months earlier. What was the impact of the attack on American forces? Eighteen warships and 394 aircrafts were lost or damaged, and 3581 American combatants and 103 civilians were killed or injured. What was the impact of the Pearl Harbour attack on the Allied nations fighting fascism? United States immediately declared war on Japan adding a crucial ally to the fight against fascism and Japanese expansion. In 1941, the US was the richest nation in the world and has the world’s largest steel industry and a population 10x of Canada’s and could invest enormous amounts of money, arms and personnel into the war effort. It can be argued that Hong Kong was a military disaster waiting to happen. Explain by examining the condition of the Japanese and Canadian forces as well as the naval and air support for the colony. The Canadian soldiers were unready for battle (classified as C Force) as some had not even fired a shot in rifle practice. They were insufficiently trained and not recommended for operation. Japanese air force destroyed docks, military barracks, gun emplacements, and the give old RAF airplanes on the British Airfield. The US fleet had been crippled at pearl Harbour and the two great British warships were sunk by the Japanese off Malaya. Some have suggested that the Canadian dead at Hong Kong were perhaps the lucky ones. Why might the survivors have agreed with this observation? The captured Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were prisoners of war for three years and a half and they were crowded into barracks and used as slave labour. They were put to work building landing strips, working in shipyards near Tokyo, and others worked in coal mines. They were given only a single serving of plain rice three times a day. Those who fell ill had little chance of survival. The death rate is six times higher than German camps.

WAR IN EUROPE Page 233 – 236 1. List the reasons for the raid on Dieppe. The raid on Dieppe was launched to find out what was needed to make a full-scale Allied invasion across the English Channel a success. It was also intended to draw German forces away from the Russian Front. 2. Judge the success of the raid. Support your assessment with facts. The raid was unsuccessful because of these reasons and failures: - Well placed German defense forces fired down on the landing craft - Soldiers were killed as they were landing and as they were racing for cover - 1000 died out of 5000 Canadians - 2000 became prisoners and more than 500 were wounded 3. Why was Sicily attacked? Sicily was attacked so the Allied forces could trap German and Italian soldiers between the British Eight Army at the north eastern tip of the island, the US Seventh Army which would land on the eastern shores before the Axis armies could escape to Italy. It was also next to Italian mainland which was planned to be attacked as it was the weakest. 4. Outline Canada’s role in the invasion Canada landed on Sept. 3rd 1943 and began moving up the Italian peninsula and joined the attack along Britain. 5. Italy’s surrender in September 1943 did not end the fighting. Explain. Germany army stepped up its effort against the invading Allied forces. 6. Why did the Italian campaign continue to cost so many lives? It continued to cost so many lives because the mountainous Italian countryside was a nightmare terrain as the German defenders had fortified a line of hilltops and mountain peaks that ran the length of Italy.

Elliott Chau

December 14, 2011

Planting the Seeds of War
Text p. 211-222

Part A
1. How did the Rome-Berlin Axis develop? The Rome Berlin Axis is an agreement made in 1936, which is basically a relationship that was formalized as Italy formed close ties with Hitler’s Germany. 2. Describe Germany’s attempt to rearm by examining Hitler’s goals and actions from March 1935 to 1936. Hitler’s goals were to re-establish his German air force, plans for military conscription and a thirty six divisor army. He was hoping for armed superiority, and once Germany had enough troops and weapons to tip the balance of power in Europe in its favor, the Treaty of Versailles could be ignored completely. His actions consisted of him marching his troops into Rhineland, yet the occupation was as peaceful as possible so it would not stir up fear of invasion. He wanted the military buildup to look as if peacetime soldiers were simply taking up defensive posts. He then declared that Germany had no territorial demands to make in Europe, and that Germany would never break the peace”. 3. a. Describe “appeasement”. Appeasement is the policy of making concessions in order to maintain peace. b. Some Western leaders including Mackenzie King supported the policy of appeasement. Why? Some western leaders including Mackenzie King supported the policy of appeasement because he felt that Germany had been treated too harshly following WWI and that adjustments had to be made. British Prime Minster Neville Chamberlain believed that Hitler was a reasonable leader and that some German demands, such as reduction in war reparations payments and a German military presence in the Rhineland, were reasonable. 4. “Appeasement was a foolish policy foolishly promoted by England, France and Canada.” Explain this statement in light of the following actions: a) The Anschluss b) Munich Agreement Appeasement was a foolish policy because in both cases England, France and Canada did not go against Hitler and made agreements believing that it would stop the threat of war, and create peace. In reality Hitler was gaining more power, soldiers and land and the three countries just kept allowing Hitler to gain land in Austria and Czechoslovakia. 5. Nazi aggression was not just confined to areas beyond her borders. It was also directed against her own people. Explain. Jewish synagogues and businesses in German were ransacked and looted with the support of German police. 20 000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

6. Identify, or explain AND state the historical significance of the Nazi-Soviet Pact. The Nazi-Soviet Pact was a non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. It was important because Britain and France had been trying to arrange a pact with the Soviet Union but were unsuccessful. Britain and France were out of possible powerful European allies. This pact promised that they would not go to war against each other and secretly agreed to divide Poland between them. Stalin’s idea was to let Hitler attack Western Europe first which is also what Stalin wanted (war between his enemies; democratic and fascist countries), and soon Germany would be exhausted as the Soviet Union would have plenty of time to build up its army and prepare for an inevitable war with Germany. Nazi Germany did not have to worry about its Eastern borders being attack by the Soviet Union. Hitler wanted to forge a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union to keep them from entering the war on the side of France and Britain. When the Pact was signed in August of 1939, it stipulated that Poland would be split between the USSR and Germany and the USSR could also retake the lands taken from her after WWI without fear of German Aggression. From Germany's perspective is that it prevented a second front from being open, and would allow Hitler time to plan his invasion of the USSR after he had defeated France and Britain. However, Hitler broke this pact with his invasion of The USSR, opening a second major front and dooming him his military. 7. Trace the events that led England, France and Canada to declare war on Germany. For France and England, it was the invasion of Poland that brought them to declare war on Germany. Canada, unlike the situation of WWI, had a vote and Canada had formally declared war on Germany as well. 8. a. How did the blitzkrieg revolutionize warfare? The blitzkrieg revolutionized warfare because it was a close cooperation between the tanks and air forces penetrating single points in lines spreading panic, which quickly disproved the idea of “static defense”. b. You are a Polish soldier posted along the Polish/German border on Sept.1, 1939. Describe the German blitzkrieg attack. First a wave of tanks would crash through weak spots in our line without warning and push forward as fast and far as possible. Then the planes knifed out of the air and would dive bomb our units. c. In your opinion, how was it different from the battle tactics used in WWI? WWI started out as an offensive tactic by the Germans that overtook Belgium but soon turned into a defensive strategy after the failure of the Schilieffan plan. WWI was more than a border conflict, as it was a regional takeover involving nations throughout Europe and Asian. The scale of conflict and war was on a much larger level. In WWI wars were mostly fought on land or water, as the use of aircrafts was limited. The WWII used a combination of all three tactics as WWI was mostly trench warfare. Technology was also different in both wars. During WWI inventions were things such as gas shells, tanks and aircrafts (primitive), and in WWII tanks and aircrafts became well built and advanced, and for different uses. Aircrafts for bombing, tanks for both land and amphibious, ships equipped with radars too. Helicopters, bombs and atomic bombs were also introduced.

9. Why were “sitzkrieg” and “phony war” appropriate descriptions for the war during the fall and winter of 1939 and 1940? Sitzkrieg and phony war were appropriate descriptions for the war during the fall and winter of 1939 and 1940 because both sides were locked in a war of nerves during which no shots were fired. Germany was waiting for its armies to join them in the Western Front while French and British troops glared at them, and the French had invested much in a defensive strategy designed to block German advances. Both sides were basically preparing for the real war in the spring. 10. How did Western nations respond to Japanese aggressions in Asia? They were horrified by the savagery carried out during this undeclared war, and soon Britain, US and Canada protested against its aggression by severing diplomatic ties and banning the shipment of war materials and oil to Japan. The US threatened to retaliate and began to prepare for the possibility of war in the Pacific. 11. Identify the Axis and Allied Powers Axis Germany Italy Austria Czech Republic Bulgaria Yugoslavia Finland Allies Britain US USSR France Holland Belgium Poland Hungary Norway Luxemburg Greece China Canada Others

FILM – Master Race
1. Millions of Germans were persuaded that they were special people. 2. In 1933 Hitler took total power immediately. What actions did he take? - Put opposition parties into concentrated camps - banned unions - Burnt books 3. The Depression had hit Germany hard. How did the Nazis respond? They had huge public work projects such as building a large network of roads.

4. How did the Nazis make sure that every German received their political message? They sold cheap radios and mass produced them so people can received the message by air. 5. What was the goal of Germany’s State Radio? The goal of Germany’s State Radio was to spread hatred for Jews and to spread propaganda. 6. What incentives did the Nazis offer to encourage the improvement of the “racial stock”? They gave loans to the parents so they would have more children; racial stock is increased. 7. In the Aryan classrooms, how were children taught to be on guard against Jews? Taught them how to spot Jews and pick them out and gave them books such as “the poisonous mushroom”; taught them that they need to get rid of the Jews and that they were not wanted. 8. How did the Nazis view the Gypsies and the mentally ill? The Nazis view them as dirty and a nuisance.

Hitler Jugend 1. Alfons Heck was captured on May 7th 1945. He was forced to watch documentaries and films while in captivity 2. 8 million children pledged their lives to Hitler and the Third Reich 3. The film, “The Eternal Jew” portrayed the Jews as dirty rats, and the lowest form of mankind 4. The showcase city of the Nazis was Nuremberg 5. In the fall of 1940, there was deportation of the Jews 6. Music, pageantry and songs were relied on by Nazi functions 7. The Battle of Stalingrad affected Alfons because it shows that German defeat is possible 8. As the war continued the importance of the Hitler Jugend rose as they were the only coherent units in every German town- civil defense 9. After D-Day, the Volksstürm was created. It was the people’s army – young boys and elderly conscripted into the last ditch force 10. The goal of every boy in the Hitler Jugend was to win the Iron Cross

FILM: Fascism & Appeasement
1a. Within a month of Hitler taking power in Jan. 1933 what disaster occurred? b. How did Hitler take advantage of the ensuring crisis? 2. While spending the first 3 years in power concentrating on rebuilding the country’s economy he was also secretly spending lavishly on rearming Germany. What happened to the German Army (the Reichswehr)?

3. In 1935 he announced openly that Germany had an air force (Luftwaffe) which was forbidden under the Versailles Treaty. What was the size of the Luftwaffe and how did it compare to the air forces of Britain and France?

4.

Now feeling confident Hitler made his first expansionist move in the Saar region. What happened?

5a. What was his next aggressive move?

b. How did the foreign powers view this move? 6. When the first threats to world peace they didn’t come from Hitler but from Japan. Why did Japan invade Chinese Manchuria?

7. Why didn’t the U.S. who had interests in the area not respond? 8. Japan’s actions in Manchuria were condemned by the League of Nations. What was the Japanese response?

9. In July 1937 Japan provoked an incident with Chinese forces. The ensuing war went badly for the Chinese. What happened to the Chinese capital of Nanking?

10. Japense forces attacked British and American ships that were protecting their citizens in China. What was the response of Britain, the U.S. and the League?

11. How did Mussolini come to power in 1922? 12. After coming to power, Mussolini quickly used the same strategies that Hitler would

later use to take control – stamping out all opposition, massive public works projects reducing crime and increasing military spending. How did the Great Depression impact Italy and Mussolini?

13. What was Mussolini’s imperial dream? 14. What was the League’s response to Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia?

15. What things did the Abyssinian Crisis show? 16. What are some explanations for Britain and France’s inaction? 17. How did France’s birthrate become a factor?

18. In 1936, civil war erupted in Spain between right wing Nationalists led by General Franco and the army and the left wing Republicans. Why were the Nationalists the eventual winners in 1939?

19. What did the Spanish Civil War reaffirm for Hitler and Mussolini? 20. What was the British and French response to Hitler’s takeover of Austria (the Anschluss)?

21. In the summer of 1938, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, P.M. Chamberlain of Great Britain fearing a war flew to Germany and participated in the Munich Conference. What was decided?

22. What happened to the rest of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939?

23. Why did the Germans and Soviets sign the Nazi- Soviet Pact in late August of 1939?

D-DAY AND PREPARING FOR THE END OF THE WAR Page 236-239 1. How were the lessons of Dieppe taken in heart in the planning of the D-Day invasion? Massive air and naval firepower and better communications from ship to shore were put in place. New versions of the Sherman tank were built. Allied soldiers worked hard to prepare for action. 2. Describe the plan for the invasion. The invasion plan called for five divisions to land along an 80 km front. American forces were to attack at the western end of Normandy Beach, and British and Canadian troops were to land farther to the east. The 3rd Canadian Division was to land with the first wave of attackers in an aero called Juno Beach. The sky above Juno Beach was to be protected by RAF bombers, many of which were flown by Canadian bomber crews. The invasion force also included 171 air squadrons to knock out the German Luftwaffe and destroy enemy tanks. More than seven thousand Allied ships were also scheduled for the invasion. 3. Identify, or explain, AND state the historical significance of Yalta. Yalta is a place in the Crimea where a conference between the three leaders of the Allied forces discussed the fate of a defeated Germany and to lay the foundations for post war Europe in February 1945. This is important because it resulted in several key decisions. First, Germany was to be demilitarized and denazified. Post-war Germany was to be divided into 4 zones of occupation. The main development was the agreement to create a new organization to replace the failed League of Nation which would create the United Nations. 4. How did Hitler’s attempt to delay the inevitable change the map of postwar Europe? Hitler’s attempt to delay the inevitable changed the map of post war Europe because the attack delayed the Western Allies’ advance for six or eight weeks and gave the Soviet Union time to move across Easter Europe and seize territory during its drive toward Berlin. 5. The Canadian liberation of Holland brought about a successful end to a critical situation. Explain. The Netherlands were suffering under brutal Nazi regime for five years and they were starving, and used as slaves. Under General Harry Crerar, the Canadian army swept into the Netherlands clearing out any remaining German forces. Canadians struggled to free the Dutch and they successfully did so but many died. The Dutch was grateful for the Canadians and they were welcomed with flowers and kisses.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE TREATY Allied viewed the war as being caused by Germany and as an allied victory Germany did not believe that it caused or lost the war, therefore war guilt clause and 33 billion in reparations in excusable Results: Germany humiliated by treaty New democratic government and blamed for the treaty (Weimar Republic) Huge war payments made German economy collapse in early 1920s (hyperinflation) France and Belgium occupied SAAR BASIN Region and took its coal and iron ore Harsh treatment led to great resentment in Germany US experience in WWI led US government to withdraw from world affairs (isolationist) US did not join League of Nations League weakened and ineffective

CANADIANS AND THE EUROPEAN WAR 1 a. OPERATION SEALION     Summer of 1940 Plan for the invasion of England Historical significance: key to the plan was destroying RAF so Germany could send troops across the English Channel Thus starting the Battle of Britain

b. OPERATION BARBAROSSA     Summer of 1940 June 22, 1941 Hitler took biggest gamble of war – launches massive attack on USSR Historical significance: USSR becomes a member of the Allies

2. BATTLE OF BRITAIN       July 10, 1940 attacks begin on Channel shipping By August over 2000 German planes swarm England RAF is half the size At first the Luftwaffe (German plane) ruthlessly efficient – knocking out air force and supply factories RAF couldn’t do very much Turning point – Sept. 7, Germany shifts to raid on cities

 

Takes pressure off England air forces and allows England to anticipate targets and wait from advantageous position Peak = Sept. 15 heavy German losses

3. CANADA’S CONTRIBUTION TO AIR WAR      ¼ million Canadians served in RAF and RCAF Pilots, air crews, ground crews, transport crews and flight instructors By end of war, 17 101 members of RCAF died (to number of Canadians infantry deaths in Europe) Canadian bomber casualty rates very high (discuss U.S. daylight and RAF/RCAF night bombings) We became experts at night bombing

4. Hitler’s Denunciation of Bombing Campaign By mid 1943 many missions US factories Also civilian targets = bombing Hitler did the same thing earlier

VIDEO: BLITZKRIEG 1. The German campaigning (blitzkrieg) against Belgium and France resulted in Hitler being the undisputed master of Europe and gave his army a sense of invincibility 2. 4 years passed before Germany’s authority was challenged by the Allies 3. In 1938, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by annexing Austria 4. Hitler later demanded the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia 5. Leaders met in Munich where the Allies yielded to Hitler’s demands in order to avid war 6. Hitler’s main goal regarding his invasion of Poland, in 1939 was to regain territories ceded after the war 7. The key element of the German blitzkrieg was air strike 8. After being invaded on September 1st, Poland surrendered to Germans on September 27 9. As a result of the German invasion of Poland, 1 million Poland : 40 000 Germans 10. By the spring of 1940, eight months has passed. It was believed by some phoney war would be resolved: 11. The phoney war ended on April 9, 1940, when Germany invaded Denmark and Norway 12. At this point the British PM Chamberlain resigned and was replaced by Winston Churchill 13. Next to be attacked by Germany were Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg; 14. They were conquered in 14 days 15. It took Germany 45 days to conquer France.

AN AGE OF EXTREME POLITICS
Text p. 207-211 PART A
1. In 1919, a new political movement, known as fascism, emerged in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Describe its characteristics and beliefs. www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/milhist/wwii.html#bio 2. Describe the path to power that Mussolini and the Italian fascists took. 3. a. It can be argued that the Treaty of Versailles created conditions in Germany favorable to the Nazis. Explain. Check the website of the Treaty of Versailles – www.pro.gov.uk.exhibitions/peace/peace3.htm b. What promises did Hitler make in response to these conditions? Canadians and the European War Text pages 228-231 1. Identify, or explain, and state the historical significance of: a. Operation Sealion Operation Sealion was the name given by Hitler for the planned invasion of Great Britain in 1940. Operation Sealion was never carried out during the war as the Germans lost the Battle of Britain. The whole plan relied on Germany having complete control of the English Channel, which, in turn meant that Germany had to have control of the skies so that the Royal Air Force could not attack German ships crossing the Channel. Hence victory in the Battle of Britain was an integral part of the plan. Operation Sealion looked simple in theory. Britain should have been an easy target. The Luftwaffe was very experienced in modern warfare, the Wehrmacht had experienced astonishing success since the attack on Poland and the British had lost a vast amount of military hardware on the beaches of Dunkirk. The RAF and the Army in Britain looked weak; only the Royal Navy seemed to offer Britain some semblance of protection. It is said that Hitler was prepared to offer Britain generous peace terms. However, on May 21st, 1940, Admiral Raeder told Hitler about a plan to invade Britain and Hitler, it is said, was taken in by the plan. If Britain had not surrendered, Hitler had planned an economic war which could have taken a long time to be effective. However, a military conquest of Britain would be swift and decisive. The military success of the German military since September 1939, seem to confirm in Hitler’s mind that an attack on a demoralised British Army would be swift. Towards the end of June 1940, Hitler gave the order for the German military to make plans for an invasion of Britain. In fact, they were one step ahead of Hitler here as all three branches of the German military had guessed that an invasion would be needed

and had already started on their own plans. In November 1939, the German Navy had done its own report on an invasion of Britain. It was not optimistic about its success. The German Navy detailed many problems that would be experienced for either a short crossing or a long crossing. It did not state that an attempted invasion would be unsuccessful – but it was cautious. In December 1939, the Wehrmacht had produced its own report. This favoured a surprise attack on Britain via East Anglia by 16 or 17 divisions. However, this plan needed the support of the German Navy and they believed that the Wehrmacht’s plan was untenable as the German navy would have to protect any landing fleet of the army whilst having to fight the British Navy. Raeder believed that this was an impossible task to complete successfully. The Luftwaffe pointed out that for its part, it would need good weather for the whole of the invasion if it was to do its job – and across the North Sea this could not be guaranteed. Though the Luftwaffe had experienced success in both the attacks on Poland and Western Europe, the RAF had not used its fighter force to its full capacity in the spring of 1940. It was only when it became clear that Britain would not sign peace terms that Hitler gave his backing to an invasion. On July 2nd 1940, Hitler gave his first tentative orders regarding a possible invasion of Britain. The code name for this operation was 'Sea Lion'. At a meeting with his service chiefs on July 21st, Hitler made it clear that he recognised that the plan had its dangers - especially those identified by Raeder - but he was keen to press on with the plan so that he could turn his full attention to Russia once Britain had been defeated. Hitler wanted Sea Lion to be over by mid-September. His naval chiefs believed that any invasion could not start until mid-September! Raeder supplied a list of reasons why the invasion could not go ahead before mid-September1940 (clearance of shipping lanes of mines, getting invasion barges ready etc) and he won the support of the army. Hitler ordered that as long as Germany controlled the sky, Operation Sea Lion would go start on September 15th 1940. Therefore, the invasion depended entirely on whether Göering's Luftwaffe could defeat the RAF. The failure of the Germans to defeat the RAF had to lead to the cancellation of Operation Sea Lion which was announced on September 17th 1940. If Operation Sealion was successful then the whole of Europe, Asia, Africa, the Arab world and inevitably the Americas would be under Nazi rule. It is important because it was one of the pivotal points of the war, much like Stalingrad or Midway, it effectively halted Hitler’s advance in the west and denied Hitler total victory in Europe, forcing him into a dilemma which he hoped he would never have to encounter again, a war on 2 fronts, the result of the battle of Britain ensured that democracy survived and was preserved in Europe, and Britain became a beacon to all those who detested and wished to fight against Nazism. Polish, French, Belgian, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian and Czech forces in exile all set up in Britain and took part in the invasion of Europe. Moreover Britain became a massive floating base for British, American, Canadian and Australian troops preparing for D-day

b. Operation Barbarossa. Code name Operation Barbarossa was the biggest gamble Hitler took un June 22, 1941. The blitzkrieg ended the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Soviet Union suddenly found itself in the Allied Camp. The Nazis used the blitzkrieg on a much larger scale than ever before. At first the Soviets were unable to stop the German forces and suffered more than one million casualties – more than double the German casualty toll. But even though the tactics of blitzkrieg were successful, the massive size of the Soviet Union meant that a quick victory was almost impossible. By late fall of 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the outskirts of Moscow. It was well before winter and was unprepared for the temperatures as low as -50°c. it was so cold that German soldiers found their soup frozen solid and had no warm winter clothing and no

antifreeze or oils suitable for the cold weather operation of their tanks and transport vehicles. They suffered terribly in the bitter Russian winter. Operation Barbarossa was the key of Victory for the Germans. If Hitler could reach his goals under this operation, he would certainly rule the whole Europe. Also, he would have lots of raw material stock such as oil, coal, etc. on his hands. Then, after finishing the Russians, he could easily deal with the English. English and American Generals would never dare an amphibious attack on Europe because the main Wehrmacht forces would be also back on Europe. Therefore, with an eliminated rival, with lots of raw material, he would rule the Europe. 2. The ruthlessly efficient Luftwaffe should have won the Battle of Britain. Why did it fail? The Luftwaffe’s continuous attacks on British cities allowed the RAF to anticipate German attacks and to be ready and waiting. On the peak day of September 15, 1940 there was a huge aerial combat with over one thousand Luftwaffe bombers and nearly 700 fighters but the RAF Spitfires and Hurricanes stopped them.

3. Describe Canada’s contribution to the air war. A quarter of a million Canadians served in the RAF and the RCAF as pilots, air crews, ground crews, transport crews and flight instructors. The fatalities of the RCAF were equal the infantry fatalities showing how important war in the air had become. The Canadian bomber units attacked German air bases, gun positions, rail and road traffic and military headquarters in France. They were experts at night bombing techniques against targets. They rained destruction on German civilians in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Berlin. 800 bombers destroyed the port of Hamburg and soon destroyed the whole city in a week. 4. In your opinion, was Hitler correct in denouncing the Allied bombing campaign as terror bombing? In my opinion, Hitler was not correct in denouncing the Allied bombing campaign as terror bombing because German had already begun bombing civilian targets in raids on Warsaw, Rotterdam, London and Coventry so he is a hypocrite. Initially, Operation Barbarossa was a success. Why did it become a “miscalculated gamble”? It became a miscalculated gamble because they were not prepared for the Russian Winter and the Russians were. Also, the Russians were determined and fought back as Hitler miscalculated and underestimate the Soviets’ will to resist and counted on capturing Moscow and most of the Soviet army before winter set in.

1. Describe the Miracle of Dunkirk. Some say it prevented Hitler from winning the war before the end of May 1940. Almost 900 boats went out to join up with heavy British destroyers. Together they went to ferry soldiers back to Britain. It was expected that only 10 000 men could be saved, but when it ended 340 000 soldiers had been rescued. 2. How was France humiliated in 1940 by the Germans? In revenge for Germany’s treatment after WWI, Hitler forced France to sign the surrender in the same railcar in which Germany had accepted defeat in 1918. 3. Why was England’s survival critical to Canada? If Britain fell, Canada also faced disaster because the Canadian economy depended on selling goods to Britain. There was also fear of the threat of a Nazi invasion of North America.

Page 329 – 331 1. State the policies of Egypt’s government Egypt wished to create an independent and modern nation that would control its own resources. 2. Trace the events of the 1956 crisis In 1956 Egyptian President seized the Suez Canal from British and French control. They saw it as a threat to their links to Asian resources and markets. They joined Israel in an attack on Egypt and they were to take back the Suez Canal. The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and demanded the withdrawal of the invading armies. 3. State Pearson’s solution Pearson’s solution is to create a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF). Battle forces were withdrawn from the combat zone and replaced b blue helmeted UN peacekeeping units. 4. State the results of Canada’s initiative Fighting stopped and peace restored in the Suez. Lester Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957. Canada continued its peacekeeping and mediating role, from 1960 to 1964. Page 331 – 334 1. What was Avro Arrow? The Avro Arrow was the project that would create the world’s fastest supersonic jets. 2. When was the project cancelled by the Diefenbaker government? Why? The project was canceled in 1959 on February 20. It was because the cost of making the aircraft cost almost 2 million dollars to produce. It turned out that it would actually cost 12.5 million dollars per plane. 3. State the impact of this on the Canadian economy. There were lots of jobs lost (fourteen thousand jobs), and renewed the reliance on American military technology.

Page 374-375 1. Explain the Official Language Act. The Official Language Act gives all Canadians the legal right to deal with the federal government and the courts in either English or French, and the packaging of all products was required to be labeled in both French and English. 2. Explain the October Crisis. The October crisis was when the FLQ and Quebec Nationalists kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and Quebec provincial cabinet Prime Minister Pierre Laporte. Later on Prime Minister Tradaeu takes action and introduces the war measures act, giving athorities more power and detention to take down the FLQ. THE NEW ALLIANCES 1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - Created 1949 - Mutual defense - Each member contributed military units to defensive forces -> Discourage USSR from taking over Western Europe - 16 original members 2. Soviet Response - NATO not needed -> USSR not a threat - Only interested in protecting itself from invasion - Created Warsaw Pact in 1955 with Eastern bloc countries 3. “Iron Curtain” - Churchill coined phrase - Dividing line between east and west running from Baltic Sea to Adriatic Sea 4. Marshall Plan - 1948 - Secretary of State George Marshall - Proposed European recovery plan - 1948 – 53 $3.5 billion in economic aid - Rapid recovery – stability and prosperity including Germany

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1. USA and USSR opposed each other ideologically: USSR = Communism USA = Democracy and free market economy

2. Term “Cold War” and How it was fought: - Power struggle between USA/USSR short of war - Propaganda, spying, economic and military pressure, limited military aggression, scare tactics and arms race 3. Igor Gouzenko: - Sept. 1945 – clerk in Soviet Embassy in Ottawa left with 109 top secret documents - Proof of spying in Canada -> civil service and military - Soviets looking for info on A-bomb - Spies in USA and Britain - PM King warned Britain and USA - Canada entered the cold war 4. Eastern Europe of Post War World Two: - Soviet army did not leave - Freedoms ended - One party communist governments established - Satellite states of USSR/buffer zone 5. US Policy of Containment: - Based on Truman Doctrine - Halt spread of Communism - Economic and military aid to countries fighting communism

1920-1930s

Canada and WLMK in the 1920s 1. In total, how many elections were won by Mackenzie King and the Liberals? In total Mackenzie King and the Liberals won 6 elections (25 years). 2. Explain why King was viewed as a “man of contradictions” Mackenzie was viewed as a man of contradictions because to the public, he was viewed as a cautious lifelong bachelor who was devoted to his mother, but in reality as it is revealed in his diary, he had been involved with mysticism, tune teller etc. An example of his contradictions is when he helped a Russian Jew who was escaping persecution, and Mackenzie was proud of him. He then concluded that he found it troubling that Jews were living in Ottawa. 3. Identify and explain the historical significance of the Progressive Party The progressive party is a national party that represents the interests of the famers. They were the official opposition in the House of Commons by winning 64 seats. They were divided on many other issues such as public control of railways and utilities and the marketing of grain, even though they had universal support from the farmers. 4. Describe the significance of women in the farm organizations of the 1920’s They established hospitals, clinics, community centers and theatres. Groups and organizations partnered up and pressured schools to develop curriculum, and emphasised tolerance and peaceful resolutions. 5. Outline the arguments of the Maritime Rights Movement They believed that all of Canada was responsible for any region that was economically disadvantaged by its geologic location. They wanted an increase of federal subside for the Maritime Provinces, more international trade through the ports of Halifax and Saint John, and higher tariffs to protect the region’s steel and coal industries.

Economic Growth Source: A Nation Unfolding, page 147-149 1. Identify the conditions that contributed to the post-war economic depression in Canada  There was a huge war debt and export markets fell dramatically  There was near drought conditions in the southern prairies  High tariffs in US caused economy depression because economy depended on foreign trade  There was no market for Canadian goods 2. What three Canadian industries developed as European economies expanded? The mining, pulp & paper and hydroelectricity industries developed as European economies expanded 3. Define and provide an example of spinoff industries A spinoff industry is a business that is used to provide services or products required by other industries; i.e. auto-parts plants 4. Production of what type of vehicle was much more enduring than automobile The production of snowmobiles was much more enduring than automobile

“COPING WITH THE DEPRESSION”
PART A: Boom to Bust in Canada – Text pp. 154-7 1. Average incomes in each province dropped significantly by 1933. Why did the prairies provinces experience the highest percentage increased and the Maritime provinces experience the lowest? The prairies province experience the highest percentage increased and the Maritime provinces experience the lowest because farmers put more land under cultivation, to invest in more expensive machinery and to focus on wheat as primary crop. Prices for wheat began to drop, and the farmers’ costs of producing wheat were greater than any money they made from selling it. The Maritime provinces experienced a less severe drop because they had not shared earlier prosperity, and in a sense, had less to lose. 2. Identify 4 factors that contributed to the “bust” in the Prairie province. 4 factors that contributed t the “bust” in the Prairie province were: - Grasshoppers and plant disease - Topsoil turned to fine dust - Drought - Price drop 3. Explain why the Great Depression “demonstrated the limitations of Canada’s independence.” Great Depression demonstrated the limitations of Canada’s independence because the nation’s economy was closely tied to world conditions (esp. those in Europe and US). Much prosperity was based on international market (80% of production). 4. What was the “basic problem that was largely ignored during the 1920’s that became evident during the depression? Canada and other countries were producing more goods than the market could absorb. European countries and the US could no longer afford to purchase Canada’s products. Also, the average Canadians were earning wages almost 20% beneath the poverty line, they were unable to purchase much of what the nation’s businesses were producing in such large quantities. PART B: Using the scrapbook “The Depression Years” answer the following questions. 1. What was the “Gunny Sack Parade”? (p. 10-11) 2. To be eligible for “relief” payments in most Ontario municipalities in 1931 you had to give up many things. a. Identify 3 ways in which you had to give up rights or freedoms to get relief. b. What kind of relief was given? (p. 10-11) 3. a. Who “rode the rails”? Give 2 reasons why they did so. b. Why couldn’t transients who rode the rails be eligible for relief in Ontario municipalities? (p. 2427)

PART D: R.B. Bennett – Text pp. 164-165 4. The federal government (P.M. R.B. Bennett and the Conservatives) attempted to provide relief for the unemployed by establishing Relief Camp. a. What was a Relief Camp? A relief camp was a camp run on a tiny budget by the Department of National Defense. Men in the camps were given food, shelter, army-style clothing, and twenty cents a day. b. How were the camps organized? (p. 26-27) They would build bridges and roads, cut trees, dig ditches and work on other projects. PART F: Mackenzie King and the 1930s – Text pp. 166-70 1. Why did alternative political parties emerge during the 1930s? 2. Using a chart, compare the origins and ideas of the CCF, the Social Credit and Union Nationale parties.

VIDEO – FLAPPERS 1. The changes experienced by women in the early 1920’s were smoking, shorter dresses, drinking in public and cutting their hair. 2. The term flappers originated when galoshes would flap when undone, as women walked. 3. Three changes to women’s clothing is tight fitting hats, rolled nylons and convas bras that would make their breasts look smaller. 4. Speakeasy were underground illegal bars 5. The new types of music which became popular was called jazz and it was performed by black entertainers 6. Two popular dances of the 1920’s were the Charleston and the Fox Trot 7. Four of the great movie stars of the 1920’s were Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bowe, Joan Crawford and Gloria Swanson. 8. The types of careers which were open to women were nurses, teachers and librarians

Article: keeping “Tin Lizzie” on winter roads 1. Why was it considered daring to drive during the winter? It was considered daring to drive during the winter because worthwhile heaters and defrosters simply didn’t exist. 2. What problems did the Wilson Auto Specialties Company Catalogue address? The Wilson Auto Specialties Company Catalogue addressed fundamentals such as getting started, persuading a car to keeping running, and protecting its driver and occupants from frostbite or death b exposures. 3. List 5 items that could be purchased to make winter travel easier 5 things that you could purchase to make winter travel easier are: 1. A ventilated shutter arrangement 2. Battery operated manifold heater 3. Block heaters 4. Windshield wipers 5. Leather driving gauntlets 4. What was the solution to the “biggest motors headache of the era”? The biggest motors headache of the era is the mixing of some form of engine freeze. The solution to this problem is to produce a product, or a solution to form antifreeze. Some made homemade ones, some mixed products together and some used kerosene, while others mixed honey, salt and water. 5. What problems did this sometimes present? Kerosene, when overhead emitted fumes and burst into flames. Honey and brine tend to drastically shorten the lives of engines and plumbing.

Prohibition 13 years of prohibition in USA 2/3 of the congress wanted to ban alcohol Due to social problems On January 17th 1920, legislation passed Wayne Wheeler is the creator of the legislation ½ % of alcohol is considered intoxicated Was suppose to be the Golden Era This Act was never against drinking alcohol, but distribution and transporting

-

Over 60 000 permits during the first year Alcohol is allowed for religious purposes and medical use 5 000 illegal bars opened in New York, and 30 000 by the end of the prohibition 1000$ fine to 6 months in prison Possible to bribe the police officers Many would have breweries in their basements The treasury department was the bureau of prohibition Agents were sent to check for illegal bars President was weak until 1925 Bootleggers were millionaires

Radios and Automobiles Page 177-179 1. Who is often recognized for inventing the radio? Guglielmo Marconi was often recognized for inventing the radio. 2. Describe the impact of radio’s popularity. Radio quickly began to break down the isolation, as most families were housebound during the winters. The radio was a medley of news, weather and recorded music, still operates in Montreal today as the CFCF. 3. Provide proof of the rapid spread of radio’s popularity. From having fewer than 10 thousand radios in 1923, Canadians owned about 297 000 radios by 1929. By 1924 there were 51 stations across Canada. 4. What popular Canadian show got its start in the 1920s? The show “Hockey Night in Canada” got its start in the 1920s. 5. Who was the man responsible for the phrase “he shoots, he scores!”? The man who was responsible for the phrase “he shoots, he scores!” is Foster Hewitt. 6. How did automobiles affect Canadian Society? Cities spread as suburbs began to develop, and the surrounding countryside became more accessible as well. 7. Why were cars so unreliable in the 1920s? Cars were unreliable in the 1920s because headlights, clutches, and brakes were apt to fail.

Stock Market Crash and Government Response Introduction: Economic recession in early 20s mid 20s global economic recovery and last years of decade boom years for Canada

Early 1920’s: Europe rebuilding and no money to buy Canadian exports, lower agricultural exports and high tariffs is US meant no market for Canadian goods Result -> high unemployment and bankruptcies

Mid 1920’s: Exports increased as Europe recovering -> increased demand US investment in Canada increased Economic boom: mining. Pulp and paper, hydro, manufacturing

Stock Market New frontier for making money Value of stock not based on real assets of company but on market value Ie: Marconi Radio: not very profitable -> stock should have sold for $1 but valued at $28; real assets were 5$ million but New York Stock Exchange valued company at $130 million Investment made easy -> borrow money and buy on margin -> move money and invested resulted in higher prices

Crash Economic tied to values of stocks -> not real worth Tuesday October 29th, 1929 was Black Tuesday Prices were so high and people got scared, tried to sell and convert into real money Panic selling with few buyers meant prices plunged and investors wiped out -> could not sell stock for even with a fraction of purchase price Crash not the only cause of Depression -> over production of good and high tariffs other factors Crash resulted in loss of confidence among business class Depression was a global disaster

Government Response to Depression: PM King said crash was temporary and normal part of business cycle

-

As depression worsened provinces asked PM for money to help fight unemployment King responded that he’d not give “a five cent piece” to provinces (many provinces governments were Conservative; Mackenzie was a Liberal) Election 1930; King lost to R.B. Bennett as voters felt King government unwilling and unable to deal with Depression

The 1920’s: Did They Really Roar? 1. Introduction: a. Principal features of the roaring twenties: i. Technology ii. New prosperity iii. Emphasis on personal self-indulgences The automobile, the radio, the movies, and widespread advertising = growth of national mass culture

2. Automobile culture: a. The automobile -> major factor in the postwar economic boom of 1920’s b. Allowed many families to live miles away from their work/relatives c. Young people able to escape the chaperoning of parents d. Automobile -> not just transportation but a sign of status 3. A consumer Paradise: a. Consumer paradise for white, middle class or higher b. Department stores, supermarkets -> new products and convenience to consumers c. Electricity brought dozens of gadgets and labour saving devices into the home d. Lightened housework i. Washing machines ii. Electric irons iii. Vacuum cleaners iv. Electric toasters v. Sewing machines e. Abandonment of time-honoured rules to buy cautiously, fear debt, and save i. Consumer credit became a national necessity

Video: The Golden Age of the Automobile 1. In the early days of the automobile, it seemed as if they were pushed as far as they were run 2. Each hill was contest with gravity 3. In 1890, in Germany, Karl Benz’s factory manufactured the world’s first motor carriage that could reach a top speed of 15 mph 4. In France, a motorized tricycle was able to reach a speed of 20 mph on paved roads. 5. In 1903, a car in the U.S. cost $700 dollars. 6. American roads punished travelers. When it was dry, they were full of ruts and when it rained, everyone should have stayed at home. 7. In the early 1900s there weren’t any gas stations and each motorist was his own mechanic. 8. The steam driven car was able to get 1 mile to the gallon. 9. The main problem with the electric car was that it had the unpredictable trait of stopping suddenly. However, this was offset as it was the only car that most women could start without assistance. 10. In 1912 Cadillac offered a self starter which allowed women to drive gas powered cars without having to have a man crank start the car. 11. From the outset women were targeted as being bad drivers. 12. Much to the dismay of many men, the automobile offered women a degree of independence. 13. The wealthy recognized the need for chauffeurs and the Welch model was designed to separate the “help” from the family as the chauffeur sat on a platform outside the car in the back. 14. A raid was also known as a tour 15. In 1908 Henry Ford unveiled the Model T car. 16. This car was revolutionary as it was meant to be purchased by the working class and it’s lowest price was 290$ 17. This car was the product of the world’s first assembly line 18. By the 1920s 80% of the cars in the US were Model Ts 19. The automobiles created the need for paved roads and gas stations. 20. Automobiles also offered freedom to youngsters as they were able to escape the watchful eyes of their families.

The Jazz Age Glossary APPLESAUCE ALL WET BEE'S KNEES A term of derogation; nonsense Wrong; arguing a mistaken notion or belief. A superb person or thing.

A loud, uninhibited laugh. Anything wonderful; similar to Bee’s knees. An area in the South or south Midwest where Fundamentalist religion prevails. A date with an unknown person of the opposite sex, usually arranged by a BLIND DATE mutual friend. An important person BIG CHEESE A loud derisive noise from an audience BRONX CHEER An informal group discussion. BULL SESSION To murder. BUMP OFF Nonsense; same as APPLESAUCE, etc,. BUNK A ladies’ man. CAKE-EATER To suffer from unrequited love. CARRY A TORCH Anything wonderful, similar to bee's knees, berries. CATS MEOW Eyeglasses. CHEATERS Excellent. COPACETIC An infatuation with a person of the opposite sex. CRUSH An excellent person or thing. DARB Human feet. DOGS DRUGSTORECOWBOY Fashionably dressed idler who hangs at public places trying to pick up girls. A stupid girl. DUMB DORA Scapegoat. FALL GUY Young girl usually with bobbed hair, short skirts and rolled stockings. FLAPPER A dull boring person. FLAT TIRE To cause a person's arrest by giving false evidence. FRAME A girl's leg (from French dialect gambe). GYM A person who attends a party without an invitation, or a show without GATECRASHER paying admission. An alcoholic drink. GIGGLE WATER A speak easy. GIN MILL A woman who uses feminine charm to extract money from a man. GOLD DIGGER Slly. GOOFY To cheat (from gypsy). GYP Tough; without sentiment. HARD-BOILED The jitters. HEEBIE-JEEBIES Wise. HEP To snub. HIGH-HAT Nonsense; same as APPLESAUCE, etc. HOKUM Bootleg liquor HOOCH Chorus girl. HOOFER Nonsense; same as APPLESAUCE, etc. HORSEFEATHERS Pleasing. HOTSY-TOTSY Okay (most commonly used in the phrase "Everything's Jake"). JAKE An old car. JALOPY Attractive, appealing. KEEN A familiar form of address. KIDDO The mouth. KISSER Insincere flattery. LINE A ladies’ man, same as cake-eater. LOUNGE LIZARD Bad, contemptible. LOUSY The most important street in a town or city. MAIN DRAG BELLY LAUGH BERRIES BIBLE BELT

NECK NERTS (NUTS) PEPPY OSSIFIED PET PINCH PUSHOVER RASPBERRY RITZY REAL McCoy, THE RUN-AROUND SCRAM SCREWY SEX APPEAL SHEBA SHEIK SMELLER SPEAK EASY SPIFFY SPIFFLICATED STRUGGLE BUGGY STUCK ON SWANKY SWELL TORPEDO UPCHUCK WHOOPEE

To caress intimately. An interjection expressing the speaker's disgust. Full of vitality. Drunk. Same as neck. To arrest. A person or thing easily overcomes. Same as BRONX CHEER. Elegant (from Ritz, the Paris hotel). The genuine. Deceptive or delaying action, especially in response to a request. To leave hurriedly (from scramble). Crazy; eccentric. A physical attractiveness to members of the opposite sex. A young woman with sex appeal. A young man with sex appeal. The nose. A saloon or bar selling bootleg whiskey. Having an elegantly fashionable appearance. Drunk. A car (from its use as a place in which boys tried to seduce girls). Having a crush on. Ritzy. Marvelous. A hired gunman. To vomit. Boisterous, convivial fun.

1. Two examples of veteran discontent, at the end of World War One, were: a) Better housing and pension b) Education 2. The newly elected prime minster was William Mackenzie King 3. In Canada, in 1922, there were: a) 14 000 miles of paved highways b) 257 947 miles of dirt roads 4. The greatest race horse of the era was man of war 5. Two leading movie starts were Mary Pickford and Rudolph Valentino 6. Three dances which were popular, in the 1920s were the tango, foxtrot and shimmy 7. Crystal sets became more reliable and came to be known as radio 8. In 1923, at McGill University, 1 in 10 graduates were women. 9. After the pace treaty was signed which ended W.W.I., Canada joined a new international organization called League of Nations 10. In 1922, Canada refused to automatically help Britain when it got involved in an international crisis 11. Canada was booming in entertainment, sports and mining by 1927.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Why was 1921 federal election significant for Canadian women? Identify the cause championed by Agnes Campbell Macphail. Identify and state the historical significance of the “Persons” case. Outline the basic arguments for and against immigration in the 1920’s Why were French Canadians concerned with renewed immigration to Canada in the mid late 1920’s? 6. Identify and state the historical significance of Pier 21 7. Describe the working conditions forced by many immigrants including children. 8. Describe attitude towards and treatment of immigrants during the depression. Advancement in Women Movement

Women’s Suffrage

Manitoba Alberta Saskatchewan

Nova Scotia

PEI

1916

1917
Ontario

1918

1919
New Brunswick

1922

1940
Quebec

             

At the end of WWI, women are encouraged to give up their job With the economic boom in the mid 1920’s women were recruited for clerical and service jobs These jobs were generally for young, single women until they got married. Married women were still expected to be a house wife It was once thought that changes in technology, especially household appliances made life easier Increased the demands of the women 1921 1st women to be elected to the House of Commons Agnes Campbell Macphail served 19 years A champion of social causes especially prison reform (heritage house) There were judges in 1916 in some provinces Women were not allowed to be appointed to the senate under the BNA Act. They were not considered persons 5 women petitioned for women to be considered persons 1928 the Supreme Court says no Judicial committee of the Jury Council in London says yes

 

1st women senate appointed in 1931 Cairine Wilson Banning the Booze 1. Define Prohibition. Prohibition: the banning of certain activities or products, i.e. Liquor 2. When was prohibition introduced to Canada? Prohibition was introduced to Canada in 1920s (after the war) 3. Why did social reformers and some politicians support prohibition? The social reformers and some politicians supported prohibition because it was to set a better example for children as well as the fact that it would be better for their families and save more money. Alcohol has destroyed many people, family and money wise. 4. Can prohibition be considered a total success? Explain. Prohibition was not a success because there were many secret underground drinking bars , so people was drinking illegally. 5. Identify and state the historical significance of the I’m Alone. Because there as many of them doing the “I’m Alone” lob they would deliver alcohol from Canada to USA and wouldn’t get arrested because as long as they didn’t cross the border they weren’t breaking the law. 6. When was prohibition lifted in Canada? Prohibition was lifted in Canada in 1933