During the Tudor Dynasty it is easily thought that the years between 1547 and 1558 were ones of crisis. With the succession of a child and the first woman within England, people have assumed that the years between Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were an unproductive interlude. The mid Tudor period is seen as negative years within the Tudor Dynasty. It is regarded that Henry VIII and Elizabeth I’s reputations were a factor in why historians such as A.F Pollard and S T Bindoff supported the ‘Mid Tudor Crisis’ . The ‘two little Tudors’, referring to Edward and Mary, seemed colourless in comparison to their surrounding successors, so much so that A Pollard says “Edward was portrayed as a sickly boy who, throughout his reign, was the pawn of two ‘regents’” while Mary was seen as an ‘intolerant, dogmatic and neurotic woman who failed to produce an heir’ . Therefore it could be seen that people believed the years of crisis were at their most dysfunctional between the years 1547-1558. W R D Jones argued that Edward and Mary’s reigns were a period of religious disruption, large scale disorder and rebellion alongside the inefficiency and sterility in government and administration, social and economic problems and disastrous foreign policy. This supports the description of the mid-Tudor period being dysfunctional. However there could be influence from the 16th Century writers such as John Foxe who was author to ‘Book of Martyrs’, which was written just after Marys death and depicted her as a monster . Foxe was responsible for a lasting picture of Mary as it fitted prejudices of a confident. Under these circumstances it was not surprising that the period 1547 – 1558 were marked by disasters. However historians such as David Loades, Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler stress that there was much creativity in the period. Government under Duke of Northumberland…
In 1534 England was ruled by King Henry VIII. “He ruled for 36 years during this time he married six different wives all to gain more political power.”[1] Two of his marriages ended in annulment, two from natural deaths, and the others from beheadings. What upset a lot of people from the Church of England is the fact that he wanted to annul his first marriage without receiving approval from the pope.…
The King’s marriage kick started the English Reformation. Catherine Aragon would not produce a male heir for King Henry VIII, only Mary, and Henry wanted a divorce.…
Mary’s ascension to the throne of England was marked with extraordinary political and religious circumstance: the return of Catholicism in England marshalled by Mary was a decision met with gratefulness and one that pleased many of those citizens supressed under the Tudor dynasty’s progressive and eventually full protestant stance. However, Mary’s gender meant that she couldn’t enjoy the same levels of independence and power as those wielded by her brother and father. Mary’s announcement that she intended to marry Philip II of Spain in 1554 divided her privy council into two distinct groups; one opposing her marriage, favouring the possible courter, Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon), and the other, who supported the Spanish Monarch. The reasons for these split alliances were deeply ingrained in foreign policy, with those supporting Philip’s prospects seeking the advantages of a strong Anglo-Spanish alliance, and those against it fearing the consequences of a future hereditary Spanish claim to the English throne and a possible need to aid Spain in future conflict.…
Elizabeth had inherited the throne of England in 1558 from a Catholic queen Mary who had attempted to re-convert England back to Catholicism and to allow the country to take part in the Catholic reformation of Europe. The accession of Elizabeth was met with anxiety and tension as to discover what she was to do in response to religion and how the Catholic powers of Europe as well as the Catholics within England at the time would treat any changes. The immediate rise to power was met with little hostility as Elizabeth had made very cautious changes to start with as she thought it wise not to provoke hostility from abroad considering the position of England at the time as a small, weak protestant nation. The start of Elizabeth’s reign was fairly peaceful however tensions rose and a Catholic threat seemed more imminent as her reign drew to the end.…
Throughout the history of time, there have been many leaders of the world’s different civilizations. While each leader may have possessed different qualities: some strong, others weak; some righteous, others corrupt…each rule played an important part in shaping the culture of that civilization. Though not every civilization was governed by a leader that had a worldly impact, the rule of England under King Henry VIII, was one of great historical importance. Unlike many leaders of his time, Henry’s legacy was not forged under the motivation of power and greed, but by love and his desire to have a male heir. Henry VIII became the King of England in 1509 after the death of his father Henry VII. Like most kings Henry desired to have a male heir,…
In 1558 Elizabeth inherited a throne encumbered with various internal and external problems, due to the actions in previous reigns of the ‘little Tudors’. Internal problems referred to predicaments occurring in England and personal issues with the monarch, e.g. the religious settlement of Catholicism in Mary Tudors reign and rebellions posed a significant problem of domestic policy at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign. External problems refereed to dilemmas occurring outside of England, e.g. Mary’s loss of Calais in 1558 produced the external possibility of French invasion during Elizabeth’s reign. Along with debasement of the coinage and inflationary pressures, it is evident that Elizabeth was presented with formidable problems at the beginning of her reign.…
There has been some debate as to whether it is true to say that during the reigns of the ‘mid-Tudor’ monarchs there was a crisis. For both Edward and Mary there were various factors that did pose problematic for them such as the threats to the Tudor dynasty through rebellions and neither having a strong heir to the throne after their deaths. Moreover, there were also factors such as finance and foreign policy that also made the crown slightly unstable as inflation continued to rise and England lost possession over French towns. However, although there is evidence to show that there was a mid-Tudor crisis, the stronger argument is that there was, in fact no crisis but a time where…
During the late fourteenth to mid-sixteenth century, Great Britain underwent massive changes throughout the entire realm. From the new system of deposing kings to religious upheavals, England during this time had a hard time finding peace. During those two hundred years, personal ambition of kings and nobles was the most disruptive to English society, which was exacerbated by the religious break instituted by Henry VIII in 1534.…
Edward IV, king of England, died suddenly and prematurely at Windsor castle – perhaps from a stroke, or peritonitis or even a chill caught while on a fishing trip – in April 1483 aged only 40 years. He had enjoyed a relatively successful reign, by the standards of the day, restoring peace after the disordered period of Lancastrian rule and providing his subjects with some much needed stability. Edward IV had been a strong king after 1471, able to control the rival noble factions, but his death opened up a destructive, disastrous Yorkist family feud. The throne should have passed smoothly to his son; Edward V. This however didn’t happen due to his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester wanting the power; Edward changed his will on his death bed so his wishes weren’t clear; his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. On his death a bitter family feud was started.…
The introduction of Protestantism throughout Europe held great impact on its society. Up until the the end of the fifteenth century, the Catholic Church was an eminent power, controlling the minds, actions, and wallets of nearly all Europeans. However, after Pope Leo X issued indulgences, to start the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica, Martin Luther started a reformation that sparked a split within the Church. Soon Luther’s preachings began to spread across Europe, amassing a myriad of followers. Simultaneously, a Frenchmen named John Calvin began to preach his beliefs about Christianity, accumulating a plethora of subscribes. Individually, and along with a plethora of other factors, they laid the building blocks of the Protestant Reformation.…
The Protestant Reformation was a religious and social movement that spread far across Europe among many groups of people. Particularly, several events throughout the 16th and 17th centuries furthered the reformation of closely-knit religion and society, with many people drifting away from a Catholic monastic lifestyle and absolute obedience to papal authorities. Instead, these people valued faith and freedom from religious beliefs and institutions that seemed foreign to Christian faith. Many protestants were of lower social classes, in favor of freeing themselves from the higher institutions controlling them and hopeful with the possibility of eventual social mobility. Protestant ideas in favor of the lower classes led to an uprising of peasants…
The Tudor dynasty experienced differing uncertainties throughout their reigns on the throne of England. From politics and war overseas, to succession difficulties. Each Monarch throughout early modern England faced conflicting challenges and hardships, nevertheless Henry VIII stands out among them all. Henry’s turbulent years on the throne presents an evolution throughout English society, culture, religion and politics, to name a few. Henry was not expected to become King, being only the third child of Henry VII, himself also an unexpected King, winning his throne on the battle field against Richard III in 1485. His early youth was not that of the first in line to the throne, due to the unexpected death of this elder brother Arthur, Henry…
The 16th century was the age of the European Reformation: a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics which divided Western Europe for over 150 years, and continues to do so until this day in certain areas. Religion was important to Scots in the 16th century. Socially, the Church was crucial to everyday life. It was responsible for education, health, welfare and discipline. It was also very important on an individual level. The Church was the vehicle for expressing inner spirituality and changes to its forms of worship could endanger your chances of salvation. In other words, your future in either Heaven or Hell was at stake. The Reformation split the Church into Catholic and Protestant factions, creating two roads to salvation - both of which claimed to be true. So it was very important to people that the Scottish state chose to travel down the right road. By 1560 the majority of the nobility supported the rebellion; a provisional government was established, the Scottish Parliament renounced the Pope's authority, and the mass was declared illegal. Scotland had officially become a Protestant country. In 1561 the unexpected return of Mary, Queen of Scots re-ignited the whole issue. It seemed that power wouldn't change hands so easily and that Scotland would have to sail the troubled waters of the Reformation for a while yet.…
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th Century move to democracy for Christians and time of reform from the “dark ages” or from the strict control of the Roman Catholic Church. The reformation was initiated by a schism within the Eurpoe Christian community within the church, and among other Christians that had divergent interpretations of the Bible. It was also a time of change and time for new opportunities and asking new questions. The reformation brought new structures and beliefs that would change everything and have a definite impact on our modern era.…