Essay of Francesco Patriarch

(1) Francesco Petrarch (1304-74)
As the first of the Humanist, he was one of the most influential poets of the Middle Ages. And he is considered by most to be the founder Renaissance Humanism in general. Petrarch was the first and greatest representative of the humanistic phase of the Italian
Renaissance. He was the first scholar of the mediaeval time who fully realized and appreciated the supreme excellence and beauty of the classical literature and its value as a means of culture.
He inspired humanist philosophy which led to the intellectual flowering of the Renaissance. He captivated in the immense moral and practical value of the study of ancient history and literature – that is, the study of human thought and action. Also gives spirit secular

(2) Feudalism
Feudalism is a political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century. It was a system, common in Europe in the
Middle Ages, where access to farm land was gained by service to the owner: the feudal lord. Feudalism was thus a comprehensive social system which defined authority and property rights. Feudalism usually emerged as a result of the decentralization of an empire.
This was the Age of Enlightenment when writers valued reason and the Middle Ages were viewed as the “Dark Ages”. Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the “Dark Ages” including feudalism, projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain.

(3) Averroes (1126-98)
He was an philosopher. He is most famous for his commentaries on
Aristotle’s works, which had been mostly forgotten in the west.
Beginning in the twelfth century, that the legacy of Aristotle was
Recovered in the West. Averroes attempt to reconcile Aristotelian
Philosophy with Islamic theology and to demonstrate that philosophy
And theology were two different path to understanding the same truth.
Shortly after his death, interest in philosophy and theology began to decline
In Islamic world. His work influenced Western thought from 12-16cen. His
Commentaries were used by students of Arisotle during 14-15century.

(4) Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-75)
He was an Italian author and poet and important Renaissance humanist and is considered to be founder of modern Italian poets,
Art of telling story (Romance) He is known for his famous work;
Decameron [ wit, mocking, sarcasism, critical] and his poetry in the Italian vernacular. He had Feudalism idea, Sexual column

(5) Pope Leo X (1475-1521) Giovanni di Lorenzo de’Medici
Pope Leo X is perhaps most important of the Renaissance Popes, made Rome a center of European culture and raised the papacy to significant political power in Europe. Also he was most famous for being the pontiff at the time of Martin Luther's display of the 95 Theses.
As part of a fund-raising campaign commissioned by Pope Leo X to finance the renovation of St Peter’s Bascillica in Rome,
A Dominican Priest began the sale of indulgences in the German lands.

(6) Henry the Navigator (1394-1460).
He was Portuguese prince who sponsored explorations of the west
African coast during the 1400s. He was very important because he tried to invent strategy and his explorations helped advance the study of geography and made Portugal the leader in navigation among European nations. It provided the groundwork for the development of Portugal’s colonial empire and for the country’s rise international prominence in the 16th century.
Soon Spanish sent out own voyages of discovery in competition with Portugal. For instance Columbus, Magellon and Balboa.
Unfortunately these voyages of discovery eventually led to slavery and the exploitation of the natives of the Americas.

(7) September Testament
Martin Luther’s first translation of the entire New Testament from the Greek original was published by Melchior Lotter the Younger in September 1522. It is so-called September Testament was received so enthusiastically that a second edition with corrections by Luther was printed as early as December of the same year.
Not only is the September Testament regarded as a milestone in the history of German Bible translation, but also it had an unequalled hand in the promotion of the Reformation, as well as in the dissemination of the High German language.

(8) Institute of the Christian Religion
It is John Calvin’s seminal work on Protestant systematic theology.
The book concerns the knowledge of God and Creator; there is also an examination of what can be known about humankind.
It was highly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today, it was published in Latin 1536.
The book was written as an introductory textbook on the
Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topic from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty. It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been strongly devoted before his conversion to Protestantism.

(9) Vasco Da Gama (1460-1524)
He was Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the
Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. He is one of the famous explorer during Discovery
Ages, and this discovery was very impactful and paved for the Portuguese to establish a long lasting colonial empire in Asia. He reached the legendary Indian spice routes unopposed helped the Portuguese Empire improve its economy that was mainly based on trades along the Northern and coastal West Africa. These spices were mostly pepper and cinnamon at first, but soon include other products, all new to Europe which lead to a commercial monopoly for several decades

(10) Francisco Pizzarro (1471-1541)
He was Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.
He was mainly interested in gold and silver. He was a scoundrel, a master of deceit and treachery, and would do whatever he could to advance his own importance and wealth. By taking advantage of the natives,
Pizarro ruled Peru for almost a decade and initiated the decline of Inca culture also his conquest largely impact on Inca Empire’s religious that transformed into Spanish, Catholic cities.

The Italian Renaissance followed by the Middle Ages, and was spawned by the birth of the philosophy of humanism, which emphasized the importance of individual achievement in a wide range of fields. The early humanist like Francesco Petrarch, studied the works of ancient
Greeks and Romans for inspiration and ideology mixing the philosophies of Plato and other thinkers with teaches of Roman Catholic Church.
Under influence of the humanists, literature and the arts climbed to new levels of importance. Though eventually it spreads through Europe,
The Renaissance began in Italy. Italian merchants and political officials supported commissioned the great artist of the day.
Florence Venice Milan grew up with its own character, Florence, considered the birthplace of Renaissance, grew powerful throughout the Renaissance due to the leadership of Medici family, who maintained city’s financial strength and were intelligent and generous patrons of the arts. Also, the Pope, who has responsibility of running the Catholic churches as well, ruled Rome.

Papacy increasingly became the seat of international politician rather than a spiritual leader. Perhaps the most prominent feature of the Renaissance was the furthering of the arts, and the advancement of new techniques and styles. During the early Renaissance, painters and sculptors experiment with techniques to better portray perspective. Their methods were rapidly perfected and built upon by other artists However, the apex of artistic talent and production came later, during high Renaissance, Michaelangelo and Leonardo
Da vinci came. The Renaissance also saw the invention of printing in Europe and the rise of literature as important aspect in everyday life.
Therefore, Renaissance was significant on the development of Western
Europe and the Impact it had was immense.
The Renaissance not only influence the worlds of art, music and literature, but also worlds of politics, religion, and society. During renaissance, advancements were made in several areas of technology and in thought.
It became a key in development of Western Civilizations.

Conquer the Incas by Francesco Pizzaro didn’t happened by accident.
It was inevitable. Historically, there were environmental imbalances.
For instance Agricultural Revolution occurred in the selected places.
Those places had begun to develop and proceed to develop culture and dealt with iron while other places where it has environmental disadvantage still in era of hunting and collecting.
Since Eurasia is the place where most of environmental benefits were focused, there were no way that Atalhullapa and his army could defeat Pizzaro’s army.

Compare with Atalhullapa, Pizzaro had many advantageous aspects that lead situation be more favorable. First, he had army with armors,

weapons, guns, horses and etc. In addition to advantage of armory, as European comes to America, they not only brought equipment and live stocks but also brought endemic; which they were already immune but not Natives. However it gives immense impact on Inca.
Lastly, one reason that Spanish explorer could come to Peru was because of existence of letter. By using letter, it could hold more information, more precisely, much further with more detail. Pizzaro could get information through previous explorer’s record while Natives were not recognized the existence of Spanish conquistador.
With reasons above Europeans conquest of America were caused not by racial supremacy but by environmental benefits.
Because Inca was enclosed, it happened to be less advanced than Europe.