Examples Of False Memory

Memory is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present. We used our memory as a “time machine” to recap what supposed be happened in past. Elizabeth Loftus, a researcher, stated from his research, "We can easily change a memory, including details of the memories we experience. And we can also easily embed a memory that is completely false”. Therefore, these false memories, regardless of age or education, can produce fake memory.
In case 1, that I have learnt from the various examples of false memory cases. Firstly, about Paul Ryan example, where he did a recent radio interview. In that interview, he reported that
he had done an extraordinary in a marathon. In this marathon, he managed to finish it by under three hours. After referencing, follow the investigation by Runner's World, shows that Paul Ryan actually took a long time to finish his run. This shows that Paul Ryan recalled and believed that he showed good performance in the run but the memory the memory created was the wrong memory.
Next example is Hillary Clinton memory. Based on her daughter, and her followers, Hillary Clinton has no clear memory of the occurrence of dunking gunfire. Hillary Clinton cannot describe accurately about her visit to Bosnia during the civil war when she faced enemy snipers.
In the next case, the 19-year-old girl named Holly Ramona was raped by her father who worked as a wine executive over and over for a long time and his father's name is Gary Ramona.
Gary Ramona asserted that the allegations were false and accused Holly's psychotherapist, Marche Isabella "implanting" false memories of her daughter who was then in the treatment of bulimia. The lawsuit against holly's psychotherapist is true when the Dr. Richard Rose the chief of psychiatry at the Western Medical Hospital in Anaheim, California confirming the memory of abuse has arisen during therapy by a sodium amytal session. In this case, it can be learned that assumptions that are deemed to be based on scientific methods are not credible. That is because false memory could be created when a psychotherapist makes false assumptions on the case of bulimia. Childhood experience and drowning as a child can also contribute to false
memory.

(ii) Explain the constructive nature of memory and elaborate your points in report Constructive memory is an event that did not actually happens and is constructed unconsciously to fill a gap. People can be deceive by their own memory. It is because we cannot remember every details of a certain event in our life. When we tries to recall a specific info, we do not recall the memory as exactly as it was. That unique trait of the memory is what we call constructive nature of memory. Our recollections are based on the actual memory as well as our knowledge, expectations, and experiences (Goldstein, 2011). A British psychologist, Fredrick Bartlett, conducted an experiment, known as “War of The Ghost” experiment on constructive nature of memory.
The experiment conducted shown that our memories can change according to what we know. In the experiment, Bartlett had several candidates to remember a story of a different culture. He was using the technique of repeated reproduction to check the information they had over time. This resulted in inaccuracies of the story that they had change to suit their culture. The experiment also shown that memories can be influenced by the sources of information involves a phenomenon called source
monitoring. Source monitoring is the process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs (Johnson et al. as cited in Goldstein, 2011). It is an unconscious mental test to see whether the memory is real and precise not a memory from outside stimulus. Several candidates were given a time to remember a list of infamous people. A few infamous name becomes famous after a day. This was due to several infamous name were familiar to them so the candidates misattributes the source of familiarity. This is what we called source-monitoring error. It happens often, but we often unaware about it. One real life example of source monitoring error is when some wrongly identified a criminal as some becomes a witness on the crime scene. A real world knowledge can also effect the memory. The perceptions people made based on their experiences and knowledge could be an impact to the memory. The same candidates that identify the famous names were given another test. They were given several statement with different indicator in between the sentence and the result was they tend to infer to the indicator about the whole story. This is what we called a pragmatic inference where they infer based on their knowledge gained through experiences. Other aspects that have an impact on the memory is schemas and scripts. Schema is a person knowledge about the environment. For instance, a person’s schemas about the office might include what is inside it, how is the building look like and so on. An experiment studied shows that when participants were seated in and office before being told that they will be taking test on memory, majority of them responded that they have seen books inside the office. But, eventually they were no books presented at all. These constructive natures of memory that lead to false memory.