factors affecting math performance of the students

Chapter 14
Programming and Languages

Multiple Choice

1. A(n) __________ is a list of instructions detailing the steps needed to perform a task.
a) program
b) punch card
c) agenda
d) plan
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 388
Response: A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the task of processing data into information.

2. The actual coding of a program is done by a(n)
a) systems analyst
b) software engineer
c) end-user
d) database administrator
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 389
Response: Software engineers would complete the coding of a program. 3. Program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and processing requirements are all recorded in the
a) program tracking log
b) project management database
c) program specifications document
d) management information system
Answer: C
Difficulty level: 389
Page: 390
Response: All of these items are outlined in the program specifications document.

4. The information software produces after it has processed the input is called
a) flowchart
b) output
c) objective
d) prototype
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 390
Response: The output is what has been produced after the input has been processed.

5. The information that a program requires in order to accomplish its objective is called the
a) data
b) contribution
c) effort
d) input
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 390
Response: Once you know the output, you then determine the input data and the source of this data. 6. The program’s processing steps are grouped into logically-related programming statements called
a) modules
b) unit
c) object
d) component
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 392
Response: Processing steps are called program modules (modules).

7. Flowcharts and pseudocode are examples of tools used in the program __________ phase.
a) specification
b) design
c) code
d) test
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Pseudocode and flowcharts are tools used in program design.

8. The programming tool that uses linked symbols to show the sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem.
a) grid table
b) pseudocode
c) algorithm
d) flowchart
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 393
Response: Flowcharts graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a program by using symbols.

9. In a(n) __________ structure, one statement follows the other with no conditions having to be met.
a) selection
b) loop
c) sequence
d) conditional
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: In the sequence structure, one program statement follows another.

10. The __________ structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met.
a) loop
b) sequence
c) conditional
d) selection
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: A loop structure will repeat so long as a certain condition remains true. 11. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is part of the __________ structure.
a) loop
b) sequence
c) conditional
d) selection
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: IF-THEN-ELSE structures are part of the selection structure.

12. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should sketch out the desired
a) input
b) output
c) splash logo
d) icon
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 390
Response: The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they want out of the computer system.

13. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called
a) sequential
b) selection
c) loop
d) random
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another.

14. When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) _______ logic structure.
a) if-then-else
b) do until
c) do while
d) what-if
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: If-then-else resembles a true/false decision.

15. When a program repeats a portion of software code as long as a certain condition doesn’t exist, it’s using a(n) _______ structure.
a) if-then-else
b) do until
c) do while
d) what-if
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: This is an example of the do until structure.

16. The actual writing of a program in a programming language is called
a) program design
b) logic structure
c) language translation
d) coding
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 396
Response: Writing the program is called coding.

17. Which of the following is not necessary for a good program?
a) reliability
b) catches common errors
c) colorful graphics
d) well-documented
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 396
Response: Colorful graphics are not necessary for a good program.

18. Eliminating errors in a program is also called ______ the program.
a) debugging
b) modularizing
c) coding
d) clarifying
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: Debugging is testing a program and eliminating errors.

19. A program error that violates the grammar rules of the programming language is a(n) _______ error.
a) modular
b) logic
c) syntax
d) language
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: Syntax error is a violation of the grammar rules of the programming language.

20. A(n) __________ error could be the result of the programmer making an incorrect calculation.
a) syntax
b) general protection
c) logic
d) breakpoint
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: Logic errors are created by incorrect or missing specifications.

21. __________ refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program.
a) Manual testing
b) Desk checking
c) Attempt at translation
d) Beta testing
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. 22. In programming, _______ are explanations that tell other programmers what’s happening in the software code.
a) restrictions
b) tables
c) documentation
d) selections
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Documentation is written to explain what is happening in the software code.

23. As much as __________ percent of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance.
a) 40%
b) 50%
c) 60%
d) 75%
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 402
Response: As much as 75% of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance. 24. Which of the following refers to tools that are used to design, code, and test software?
a) XML
b) CAD
c) CASE
d) OOP
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 403
Response: CASE tools are used to automate the development process. They can aid in program design, coding, and testing.

25. Software that helps programmers prepare reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is a(n)
a) CAUSE (computer assisted Unix software environment) tool
b) CASE (computer aided software engineering) tool
c) CLOC (computer licensed operations code) tool
d) CULP (combined users licensed protocols) tool
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 403
Response: CASE tools help programmers prepare these items.

26. Object-oriented programming
a) is a type of assembler language
b) allows you to interact with objects when coding software
c) is a type of machine language
d) converts source code into machine language code
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 404
Response: Object-oriented programming focuses on letting you interact with the objects (defined procedures) when coding software.

27. OOP languages use
a) combinations of objects
b) natural and nonprocedural statements
c) binary coded instructions
d) abbreviations and mnemonic
Answer: A
Difficult level: Easy
Page: 404
Response: Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects.

28. Machine language is composed only of
a) keyword statements
b) hexadecimal numbers
c) memory address toggles
d) 0s and 1s
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language is composed of 1s and 0s.

29. ________ language is made up only of binary digits.
a) Procedural
b) Machine
c) Assembly
d) Natural
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language uses binary code.

30. Which of the following lines of code comes from a first generation computer language?
a) ADD255(3,10),02B(4,5)
b) 00010 1010 1101 0001 1010
c) this Total=TotalA + TotalC
d) set total to sum of totals
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language (first generation) used 0s and 1s. 31. These languages use abbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand.
a) assembly
b) machine language
c) C++
d) COBOL
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand and use.

32. __________ languages are designed to express the logic used instead of just performing calculations.
a) Machine
b) Procedural
c) Assembly
d) Low level
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Procedural languages are designed to express the logic – the procedures – that can solve general problems.

33. Procedural languages are part of the __________ generation of computer languages.
a) first
b) second
c) third
d) fourth
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Procedural languages are part of the third generation of computer languages.

34. Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a(n)
a) compiler or interpreter
b) assembler
c) interpolator
d) application generator
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a compiler or interpreter.

35. A compiler performs the following function.
a) translates and executes each program statement one at a time
b) converts the source code into machine language code
c) translates instruction codes from assembler language into machine language
d) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Compiler converts procedural language program (source code) into a machine language code (object code).

36. C++ is considered a
a) machine language
b) assembly language
c) procedural language
d) natural language
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: C++ is a procedural language. 37. A(n) __________ converts the programmer’s procedural language program into a machine language.
a) interpreter
b) assembler
c) compiler
d) analyst
Answer: C
Difficulty level: Hard
Page:405
Response: A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language code.

38. An interpreter performs the following function.
a) translates and executes each line of code one at a time
b) translates high-level language statements
c) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves
d) translates software code from assembly language into machine language
Answer: A
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Interpreter converts the procedural language one statement at a time into machine code just before it is executed.

39. Problem-oriented languages are which generation of language?
a) first
b) second
c) third
d) fourth
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 406
Response: Problem-oriented languages are fourth generation languages.

40. Fourth-generation languages use
a) procedural statements
b) nonprocedural statements
c) assemblers
d) symbols
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 406
Response: Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural languages.

41. Fifth-generation languages (5GL) possess which one of the following characteristics?
a) software code always uses a combination of objects
b) software code uses English words and symbols
c) software code is written using binary codes
d) all code must be complied before use
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: Natural language (5GL) is designed to give people a more human connection with computers using English words and symbols.

42. Which one of the following statements is not characteristic of 5GL?
a) easier to learn than assembly language
b) easier to understand than machine language
c) less rigid rules, forms, and syntax than assembly languages
d) easier to write code in than assembly and machine languages
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: 5GL languages are easier to write code in.

43. 5GL uses
a) symbolic code
b) words and symbols
c) abbreviations
d) mnemonics
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: 5GL uses natural language such as words and symbols.

44. 5GL languages have which of the following characteristics?
a) require the use of objects
b) easier to use than machine language
c) require the use of interpreters
d) use abbreviations and mnemonics
Answer: B
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: 5GL languages are easier to use than machine language.

45. The most recent type of computer language would be
a) machine language
b) assembly language
c) third-generation language
d) natural language
Answer: D
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 407
Response: Natural language is the most recent type of computer language.

True/False

46. Most programs in use today are custom written.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 388
Response: Most programs in use today are prewritten (off-the-shelf).

47. A program is a list of instructions detailing the steps required to perform a task.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 388
Response: A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the task of processing data into information. 48. Systems analysts create the software required for an information system.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 389
Response: Software engineers or programmers create software.

49. In the program specification step, the objectives, outputs, inputs, and processing requirements are determined.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 389
Response: The program specification step includes all of these variables. 50. You should determine the input for a program before determining its output.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 389
Response: You should determine the output requirements before defining the input. 51. The program specification document includes required input and program objectives.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 389
Response: The program specification document includes defining the required input and program objectives. 52. During the program specification phase, you plan and document a solution.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 389
Response: Ongoing documentation is required through the process. 53. Top-down program design involves identifying the major steps in a program and then determining the underlying steps.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 392
Response: Top-down design identifies the program’s processing steps. 54. Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program you would like to write.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program that is being written. 55. Flowcharts fail to show comparisons within the program.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Flowcharts make comparisons within the program. 56. Logic structures include sequence, selection, and loop.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Logic structures include sequence, selection, and loop.

57. In the sequence structure, one program statement must follow another.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: In sequence structure, one program statement follows another.

58. A condition must be met before a sequence structure can proceed to the next statement.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: The sequence structure does not use a condition – it executes programming statements one after the other. 59. IF-THEN-ELSE is an example of a selection structure.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: IF-THEN-ELSE is an example of a selection structure.

60. The loop structure is also called the iteration structure.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: The loop structure is called a “loop” or “iteration” because the program loops around again and again.

61. DO UNTIL and DO WHILE are both examples of a sequence structure.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 394
Response: They are both examples of a loop selection structure.

62. A loop structure repeats a series of statements until a condition is met.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: The loop structure iterates or repeats again and again. 63. Writing the program is called coding.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 396
Response: Writing a program is called coding. 64. The best way to write good programs is to create unstructured programs.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 396
Response: The best way to code effective programs is to write structured programs.

65. “Debugging” refers to the process of eliminating syntax and logic errors.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 399
Response: Debugging refers to the process of testing and then eliminating errors. 66. When a program has a syntax error, it will still run, but will produce unexpected results.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: A syntax error is a violation of the rules of the programming language. 67. A logic error could result from an incorrect calculation made by the programmer.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: A logic error occurs when the programmer uses an incorrect calculation or leaves out a programming procedure. 68. Sometimes a program is checked for errors by following the steps with a calculator and sample data.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: Manually testing by using a calculator and sample data is one way of checking for errors. 69. Program documentation is optional and largely unnecessary.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Program documentation is a “must”. 70. Program documentation is intended only for end-users.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Program documentation is intended for users, operators, and programmers. 71. Program maintenance involves ensuring that current programs are operating error- free, efficiently, and effectively.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 402
Response: Program maintenance includes all of these aspects. 72. Correcting operational errors is only one facet of program maintenance.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 402
Response: Program maintenance involves correcting operational errors, and adjusting programs to meet changing needs. 73. CASE tools are used to compile programs to test for logic errors.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 403
Response: CASE tools are used to automate and assist in program design, coding, and testing.

74. Second-level languages are sometimes referred to as machine languages.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Second-level languages are assembly languages.

75. C++ is an example of a machine language.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 406
Response: C++ is a procedural language.

76. Assembly languages use abbreviated mnemonics such as ADD.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Assembly languages do use abbreviated mnemonics such as ADD. 77. Machine language is composed of hexadecimal digits.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language is composed of binary code. 78. When a program is translated to machine code, the compiler will typically find logic errors.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Compilers convert the procedural language program into machine language code.

79. Pascal, COBOL, and FORTRAN are all examples of procedural languages that use compilers.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 406
Response: All of these languages are procedural languages that use compilers.
80. An application generator converts source code to object code.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 406
Response: A compiler converts the programmer’s procedural language program (source code) into a machine language code (object code).

81. Query languages are an example of a procedural language.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 406
Response: Query languages are examples of fourth-generation (problem-oriented) languages.

82. Very high level languages require extensive special training on the part of the user.
Answer: False
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 406
Response: Very high level languages require little special training on the part of the user. 83. Interpreted code does not need to be compiled.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 406
Response: Interpreter converts procedural language one statement at a time into machine code just before it is to be executed. No need to be compiled.

84. 5GL is a computer language that incorporates the concepts of artificial intelligence to allow direct human communication.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: 5GL uses AI to allow direct human communication.

85. Someday, natural languages will allow non-programmers to create applications.
Answer: True
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 407
Response: Natural languages use human languages which will make it easier for non-programmers to create applications.

Fill-In-The-Blank

86. A(n) __________ is a list of instructions detailing the steps needed to perform a task.
Answer: program
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 388
Response: A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the task of processing data into information.

87. Most programs in use today are __________ or packaged programs.
Answer: prewritten
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 388
Response: Most programs are prewritten or packaged programs. 88. Items like the program’s objectives, outputs, inputs, and processing requirements are a part of this step of software development (__________).
Answer: program specifications
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 389
Response: These items are part of the program specification.

89. The problem that you are trying to solve using software is called the __________.
Answer: objective
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 390
Response: Objectives are the problems you are trying to solve.

90. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should sketch out the desired __________.
Answer: output
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 390
Response: The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they want out of the computer system.

91. The loosely written outline of a program’s logic is called __________.
Answer: pseudocode
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program that will be written.

92. By using __________, a programmer can outline the necessary steps for a piece of software to operate.
Answer: pseudocode
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 393 Response: Pseudocode will help a programmer outline the necessary steps for a piece of software to operate.

93. The way that a program handles decisions based on input is built into one of the three __________structures.
Answer: logic
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Three logic structures include sequence, selection, and loop. 94. The __________ structure describes a process that may be repeated as long as a certain condition remains true.
Answer: loop
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 393
Response: The loop structure describes a process that may be repeated as long as a certain condition remains true.

95. The loop structure is also called __________ structure.
Answer: iteration
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: The loop structure is also called the iteration structure.

96. Flowcharts and pseudocode are examples of tools used in the program __________ phase.
Answer: design
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: Pseudocode and flowcharts are tools used in program design. 97. The programming tool that uses linked symbols to show the sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem is called a(n)__________.
Answer: flowchart
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 393
Response: Flowcharts graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a program by using symbols.

98. In a(n) __________ structure, one statement follows the other with no conditions having to be met.
Answer: sequence
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: In the sequence structure, one program statement follows another.

99. The __________ structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met.
Answer: selection
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: The selection structure occurs when a decision must be made.

100. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called __________.
Answer: sequential
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another.

101. When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) _______ logic structure.
Answer: if-then-else
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: If-then-else resembles a true/false decision.

102. When a program repeats a portion of software code as long as a certain condition doesn’t exist, it’s using a(n) _______ structure.
Answer: do until
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: This is an example of the do until structure.

103. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is part of the __________ structure.
Answer: selection
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393
Response: IF-THEN-ELSE structures are part of the selection structure.

104. The act of actually writing the program is called __________.
Answer: coding
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 396
Response: Writing the program is called coding.

105. Testing for and eliminating errors is known as __________ .
Answer: debugging
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 399
Response: Debugging is testing a program and eliminating errors.

106. A(n) __________ error violates the rules of the programming language.
Answer: syntax
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: Syntax errors are violations of a programming language’s rules. 107. A(n) __________ error could be the result of the programmer making an incorrect calculation.
Answer: logic
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399
Response: Logic errors are created by incorrect or missing specifications.

108. __________ testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program.
Answer: Beta
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. 109. In programming, _______ is an explanation that tells other programmers what’s happening in the software code.
Answer: documentation
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Documentation is written to explain what is happening in the software code.

110. Software __________ is typically found within the program as well as in printed documents.
Answer: documentation
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400
Response: Documentation is typically found within the program itself and in printed documents.

111. The purpose of program __________ is to ensure that existing programs are operating error-free, efficiently, and effectively.
Answer: maintenance
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 402
Response: Program maintenance is to ensure that existing programs are operating error-free, efficiently, and effectively.

112. Software that helps programmers prepare reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is called _________.
Answer: CASE
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 403
Response: CASE tools provide some automation and assistance in program design, coding, and testing.

113. In OOP programming, a reusable, self-contained component is called a(n) __________.
Answer: object
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 404
Response: Objects are reusable, self-contained components.

114. A programming language in which the properties and methods needed to perform one task are all stored in a single object is known as __________ programming.
Answer: object-oriented
Difficult level: Easy
Page: 404
Response: Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects.

115. Machine languages use __________ codes.
Answer: binary
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language uses binary code.

116. ________ language is made up only of binary digits.
Answer: Machine
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language uses binary code.

117. The lowest level computer language is __________ language.
Answer: machine
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405
Response: Machine language uses binary coding and is the lowest computer language.

118. A(n) __________ converts the programmer’s procedural language program into a machine language.
Answer: compiler
Difficulty level: Hard
Page:405
Response: A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language code.

119. Although still a low-level language, __________ uses abbreviations that are easier for humans to understand.
Answer: assembly
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand and use.

120. These languages use abbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand.
Answer: Assembly
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand and use.

121. __________ languages are designed to express the logic used instead of just performing calculations.
Answer: Procedural
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 405
Response: Procedural languages are designed to express the logic – the procedures – that can solve general problems.

122. An application __________ contains a number of modules that have been preprogrammed to accomplish various tasks.
Answer: generator
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 406
Response: An application generator is a program that provides modules of prewritten code. 123. A language that is based entirely on the spoken word that would require little-to- no adaptation to use to program is called a(n) __________language.
Answer: natural
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: Natural language is designed to give people a more human connection with computers.

124. A(n) __________ language allows programmers to use human language to instruct a computer.
Answer: natural
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 407
Response: Natural languages allow programmers to use human language to instruct a computer.

125. 5GL are being designed to reflect the human languages. They are referred to as __________languages.
Answer: natural
Difficulty level: Easy
Page: 407
Response: 5GL are natural languages.

Essay

126. What are the six steps in programming?
Answer: The six steps in programming are: specification, design, code, test, documentation, and maintenance.
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 388

127. What are the five tasks involved in the program specification phase?
Answer: The five tasks required for the specification phase are the following: specify objectives, specify output, determine required input, define processing requirements, and document specification.
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 389

128. What is pseudocode?
Answer: Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program you would like to write. It is essentially the programming code written out in plain English.
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 393

129. What are the three logic structures?
Answer: The three logic structures are: sequence (one statement follows another), selection (if-then-else), and loop (a process that is repeated until a condition is met).
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 393

130. What is the difference between a syntax error and a logic error?
Answer: A syntax error violates the rules of a programming language, such as mistakenly typing “if x=y then goto z” instead of “if x=y THEN goto z”. This type of error is caught by the compiler. A logical error will not be caught by the compiler and will not cause the program to crash, but it will result in incorrect results. An example would be using the statement “SalesPercentage=TotalSales/IndividualSales”. In this case, a calculation would result, but it will not result in a correct figure. (A sales percentage would be individual sales divided by total sales.)
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 399

131. Name four methods of testing a program for errors.
Answer: There are many methods to test a program for errors. These include: desk checking, manually testing with sample data, attempting to translate the program into machine language (compiling), testing the program with sample data, and beta testing.
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 399, 400

132. What is meant by program documentation?
Answer: Program documentation refers to written procedures and descriptions of a program and how to use it.
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 400

133. What are the four tasks in program maintenance?
Answer: The four tasks in program maintenance are the following: search for and correct operational errors, evaluate and improve the program’s ease of use, standardizing software, and evaluating changing needs.
Difficulty level: Hard
Page: 402

134. What is object-oriented programming?
Answer: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) focuses on objects – self-contained reusable components. These components are then related to other components until the whole program is created.
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 404

135. What are the five generations of programming languages?
Answer: The five generations of computer languages are: 1) machine language, 2) assembly, 3) procedural languages, 4) problem-oriented languages, and 5) natural languages.
Difficulty level: Medium
Page: 405