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1 - Touraine, A. (1992), "Présentation", dans Critique de la modernité,
L’idée de modernité définie par le triomphe de rationalité objective ou instrumentale, a perdu sa force de libération et de création, elle résiste aussi mal aux forces que l’appel aux droits de l’homme, à la montée du différencialisme et du racisme. Elle devient définie par la séparation du monde objectif créé par la raison, et du monde de la subjectivité qui est celui de l’individualisme qui fait appel à la liberté personnelle, elle a remplacé l’unité d’un monde créé par la volonté divine, la raison par la dualité de la rationalisation et de la subjectivisation. Selon Alain Touraine il ne faut pas dissocier les deux visages de la modernité, à savoir la rationalisation et la subjectivation car plus notre société se réduit à l’entreprise luttant pour survivre, plus se répond l’obsession d’une identité qui n’est plus définie en termes sociaux, ce qui entrainerait le triomphe des pouvoirs, et ceci constitue d’une part un risque totalitariste et, d'autre part, un risque de replis identitaires et communautaristes. La critique de la modernité veut la dégager d’une tradition historique qui l’a réduite à la rationalisation et y introduire le thème du sujet personnel et de la subjectivisation. La modernité ne repose pas sur la destruction des obstacles au règne de la raison, elle est faite du dialogue de la raison et du sujet. Sans la raison le sujet s’enferme dans l’obsession de son identité, sans le sujet, la raison devient l’instrument de la puissance.
2 - Guillebaud, J.-C. (1999), "La raison arraisonnée"
L’émergence de la raison ne fut en aucun cas un processus naturel et prévisible, elle fut tout à la fois le choix de l’autonomie humaine et la critique dissolvante des mythes, rites et frontières qui bornaient celle-ci. • L’apothéose grecque : la raison grecque procède d’une capacité critique qui tend vers une rupture décisive avec l’ancienne

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