Final Study Guide
BIOL 112 Combined Study Guides for Exam – Fall 2012
Chapter 22 Study Guide
1. Briefly describe contributions of the following to Darwin: a. Aristotle: species are fixed and unchanging, recognized several affinities, or similarities among organism. Life arranged on ladder, most complex to least. Each form is perfected. i. In line w/ old testament view of creation b. Linneaus: developed binomial nomenclature system, nested classification system (KPCOFGS). Did not ascribe similar characteristics to evolution, but to pattern of creation. c. Cuvier: developed much of paleontology, noticed fossils diverge in older strata, extinctions must have been common occurences. Catastrophism – events in past occurred suddenly and caused by mechanisms different from present. d. Hutton: Earth’s geological mechanisms explainable by slow, steady mechanisms still at work. e. Lyell: uniformitarianism – mechanisms of change constant over time. Darwin read his book on the Beagle. f. Lamarck: proposed first theory of evolution, incorrect mechanisms in which he said it depends on what the organism does in its lifetime for what it will pass down. ii. Inheritance of acquired characteristics iii. Use & disuse iv. Believed evolution happened due to innate desire to become more complex g. Erasmus Darwin: also believed in Evolution 2. Where the HMS beagle went and how it influenced Darwin h. Primary goal was to explore South American shoreline and make new map, so Darwin spent much time on shore there i. Darwin went up into Andes and found oceanic fossils, giving him further thoughts j. Galapagos Islands k. Earthquake which lifted land off coast of Chile 3. How did Wallace influence Darwin to publish in 1859? l. Darwin had major features by early 1840s, wrote essay by 1844. Lyell warned that someone would beat him to it if he didn’t publish. In June 1858,
Chapter 22 Study Guide
1. Briefly describe contributions of the following to Darwin: a. Aristotle: species are fixed and unchanging, recognized several affinities, or similarities among organism. Life arranged on ladder, most complex to least. Each form is perfected. i. In line w/ old testament view of creation b. Linneaus: developed binomial nomenclature system, nested classification system (KPCOFGS). Did not ascribe similar characteristics to evolution, but to pattern of creation. c. Cuvier: developed much of paleontology, noticed fossils diverge in older strata, extinctions must have been common occurences. Catastrophism – events in past occurred suddenly and caused by mechanisms different from present. d. Hutton: Earth’s geological mechanisms explainable by slow, steady mechanisms still at work. e. Lyell: uniformitarianism – mechanisms of change constant over time. Darwin read his book on the Beagle. f. Lamarck: proposed first theory of evolution, incorrect mechanisms in which he said it depends on what the organism does in its lifetime for what it will pass down. ii. Inheritance of acquired characteristics iii. Use & disuse iv. Believed evolution happened due to innate desire to become more complex g. Erasmus Darwin: also believed in Evolution 2. Where the HMS beagle went and how it influenced Darwin h. Primary goal was to explore South American shoreline and make new map, so Darwin spent much time on shore there i. Darwin went up into Andes and found oceanic fossils, giving him further thoughts j. Galapagos Islands k. Earthquake which lifted land off coast of Chile 3. How did Wallace influence Darwin to publish in 1859? l. Darwin had major features by early 1840s, wrote essay by 1844. Lyell warned that someone would beat him to it if he didn’t publish. In June 1858,