Financial Statement Analysis
For the exclusive use of G. NEVIOUS
TB0069
August 9, 2007
Graeme Rankine
Financial Statement Analysis—
Identify the Industry
Since opportunities and constraints tend to be different across industries, companies in different industries tend to make different investment, dividend, and financing decisions. Thus, firms in different industries exhibit different financial characteristics, and, hence, report different financial ratios. For example, “old economy” businesses with large amounts of tangible assets may have higher leverage ratios. Service or trading firms may have large amounts of intangible assets such as knowledge assets or a large and loyal customer base, and, hence, have low leverage ratios because “growth options” can evaporate. On the other hand, companies within the same industry tend to exhibit similar financial characteristics, as measured by financial ratios. With some knowledge of the different operating, investing, and financing decisions across industries, financial ratios can be used to identify an industry (see
Exhibit 1 for the definition of ratios used).
Balance sheets and income statements for the most recent three years are provided for 10 companies from 10 different industries. Common-sized balance sheets (all items scaled by total assets), common-sized income statements (all items scaled by net sales), and selected financial ratios for the most recent three years are also provided. Since unusual deviation from target values may occur in any given year, the values for the items were averaged over three years. The three-year average common-sized balance sheet, common-sized income statement, and financial ratios are reported in Exhibits 2, 3, and
4, respectively.
The 10 companies are drawn from the following 10 different industries:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Commercial airline
Commercial banking (items fitted into the same categories as the non-financial firms)
Computer software
Integrated oil and gas
IT
TB0069
August 9, 2007
Graeme Rankine
Financial Statement Analysis—
Identify the Industry
Since opportunities and constraints tend to be different across industries, companies in different industries tend to make different investment, dividend, and financing decisions. Thus, firms in different industries exhibit different financial characteristics, and, hence, report different financial ratios. For example, “old economy” businesses with large amounts of tangible assets may have higher leverage ratios. Service or trading firms may have large amounts of intangible assets such as knowledge assets or a large and loyal customer base, and, hence, have low leverage ratios because “growth options” can evaporate. On the other hand, companies within the same industry tend to exhibit similar financial characteristics, as measured by financial ratios. With some knowledge of the different operating, investing, and financing decisions across industries, financial ratios can be used to identify an industry (see
Exhibit 1 for the definition of ratios used).
Balance sheets and income statements for the most recent three years are provided for 10 companies from 10 different industries. Common-sized balance sheets (all items scaled by total assets), common-sized income statements (all items scaled by net sales), and selected financial ratios for the most recent three years are also provided. Since unusual deviation from target values may occur in any given year, the values for the items were averaged over three years. The three-year average common-sized balance sheet, common-sized income statement, and financial ratios are reported in Exhibits 2, 3, and
4, respectively.
The 10 companies are drawn from the following 10 different industries:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Commercial airline
Commercial banking (items fitted into the same categories as the non-financial firms)
Computer software
Integrated oil and gas
IT