Fluid Dynamics and Pressure
Chapter 3: FLUID FLOW
CHAPTER
THREE
FLUID FLOW
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Fluid Flow Unit Pump Test Unit Hydraulics bench and accessories Flow Curve Determination for Non-Newtonian Fluids Fixed and Fluidized Bed
Facts which at first seem improbable will, even in scant explanation, drop the cloak which has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty. GALILEO GALILEI
1
3.1. FLUID FLOW UNIT
Keywords: Pressure loss, straight pipe, pipe bend, orifice meter, venturi meter.
3.1.1. Object
The object of this experiment is to investigate the variations in fluid pressure for flow in straight pipes, through pipe bends, fittings, orifice and venturi meters.
3.1.2. Theory
When a fluid flows along a pipe, friction between the fluid and the pipe wall causes a loss of energy. This energy loss shows itself as a progressive fall in pressure along the pipe and varies with the rate of the flow. The head loss due to friction can be calculated by the expression:
Lu 2 D
hf 4 f
(3.1.1)
where
hf : head loss due to friction, m H2O D : diameter of pipe, m f : friction factor g : acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2 L : length of pipe, m u : mean velocity, m/sec : density of fluid, kg/m3
The change of direction forced on a fluid when it negotiates a bend produces turbulence in the fluid and a consequent loss of energy. The net loss in pressure is greater than that for the same length of straight pipes. Abrupt changes of direction produce greater turbulence and larger energy losses than do smoothly contoured changes.
2
Chapter 3: FLUID FLOW
When a fluid flows through an orifice or a venturi meter, a loss of pressure energy occurs due to the turbulence created. A straight line relation exists between the flow rate and the square root of the pressure drop value, and this principle is utilized in the design of the orifice and venturi meters.
The internal construction of many pipe fittings leads to the construction of
CHAPTER
THREE
FLUID FLOW
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Fluid Flow Unit Pump Test Unit Hydraulics bench and accessories Flow Curve Determination for Non-Newtonian Fluids Fixed and Fluidized Bed
Facts which at first seem improbable will, even in scant explanation, drop the cloak which has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty. GALILEO GALILEI
1
3.1. FLUID FLOW UNIT
Keywords: Pressure loss, straight pipe, pipe bend, orifice meter, venturi meter.
3.1.1. Object
The object of this experiment is to investigate the variations in fluid pressure for flow in straight pipes, through pipe bends, fittings, orifice and venturi meters.
3.1.2. Theory
When a fluid flows along a pipe, friction between the fluid and the pipe wall causes a loss of energy. This energy loss shows itself as a progressive fall in pressure along the pipe and varies with the rate of the flow. The head loss due to friction can be calculated by the expression:
Lu 2 D
hf 4 f
(3.1.1)
where
hf : head loss due to friction, m H2O D : diameter of pipe, m f : friction factor g : acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2 L : length of pipe, m u : mean velocity, m/sec : density of fluid, kg/m3
The change of direction forced on a fluid when it negotiates a bend produces turbulence in the fluid and a consequent loss of energy. The net loss in pressure is greater than that for the same length of straight pipes. Abrupt changes of direction produce greater turbulence and larger energy losses than do smoothly contoured changes.
2
Chapter 3: FLUID FLOW
When a fluid flows through an orifice or a venturi meter, a loss of pressure energy occurs due to the turbulence created. A straight line relation exists between the flow rate and the square root of the pressure drop value, and this principle is utilized in the design of the orifice and venturi meters.
The internal construction of many pipe fittings leads to the construction of