Food Consumption Patterns

Appetite 55 (2010) 597–608

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Research report

Food consumption patterns and economic growth. Increasing affluence and the use of natural resources
P.W. Gerbens-Leenes a,*, S. Nonhebel b, M.S. Krol a a b

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, The Netherlands Center for Energy and Environmental Studies (IVEM), University of Groningen, Nijenborg 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands

A R T I C L E I N F O

A B S T R A C T

Article history: Received 11 March 2010 Received in revised form 1 September 2010 Accepted 14 September 2010 Keywords: Dietary change Economic development Natural resource use Nutrition transition Food consumption patterns

This study analyzes relationships between food supply, consumption and income, taking supply, meat and dairy, and consumption composition (in macronutrients) as indicators, with annual per capita GDP as indicator for income. It compares food consumption patterns for 57 countries (2001) and gives time trends for western and southern Europe. Cross-sectional and time series relationships show similar patterns of change. For low income countries, GDP increase is accompanied by changes towards food consumption patterns with large gaps between supply and actual consumption. Total supply differs by a factor of two between low and high income countries. People in low income countries derive nutritional energy mainly from carbohydrates; the contribution of fats is small, that of protein the same as for high income countries and that of meat and dairy negligible. People in high income countries derive nutritional energy mainly from carbohydrates and fat, with substantial contribution of meat and dairy. Whenever and wherever economic growth occurs, food consumption shows similar change in direction. The European nutrition transition happened

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