In 1903 the late Mrs. Annie Johnson of Arkansas found herself with two toddling sons, very little money, a slight ability to read and add simple numbers. To this picture add a disastrous marriage and the burdensome fact that Mrs. Johnson was a Negro. When she told her husband, Mr. William Johnson, of her dissatisfaction with their marriage, he conceded that he too found it to be less than he expected, and had been secretly hoping to leave and study religion. He added that he thought God was calling him not only to preach but to do so in Enid, Oklahoma. He did not tell her that he knew a minister in Enid with whom he could study and who had a friendly, unmarried daughter. They parted amicably, Annie keeping the one-room house and William taking most of the cash to carry himself to Oklahoma.…
Benjamin Elijah Mays was a distinguished African American minister, educator, scholar, and social activist. Mays was born on August 1st, 1894 in a rural area outside Ninety-Six, South Carolina. He was the youngest of eight children born to the tenant farmers and former slaves, Louvenia Carter and Hezekiah Mays. An ongoing occurrence in Mays’s boyhood and early adulthood was his dedication for education against overwhelming odds. As Mays’s grew older, and after stumbling quite a bit, he gained acceptance to Bates College in Maine. After completing his B.A. there in 1920, Mays entered the University of Chicago as a graduate student, earning an M.A. in 1925 and a Ph.D. in the school of Religion in 1935. Mays‘s was married for…
Thomas Hamm is a professor of history and director of special collections at Earlham College. “Earlham's historical beginning in Richmond, Indiana, is rooted in the Great Migration of Quakers from the eastern United States in the first half of the nineteenth century” (Hamm viii). Among Thomas Hamm’s accomplishments, “he is a lifelong member of First Friends Meeting in New Castle, Indiana; he has served as recording clerk and a member of the executive committee of Indiana Yearly Meeting, and was co-clerk of the Reconfiguration Task Force of Indiana Yearly Meeting” (Hamm viii).…
He became a controversy when the public opinion swayed towards more liberal beliefs as he stood strong in his conservative convictions; many accused, and continue to accuse, Spurgeon of holding overly dogmatic convictions. Charles Spurgeon was a great leader of his faith and despite the controversy and lack of support demonstrated to him by the church he had served diligently throughout his life, he refused to be swayed and continued to preach, and teach, his beliefs as he understood them without loss of integrity. However, this is not to say that this great teacher was, as so many accuse him, “inflexible” or “overly dogmatic.” One of the greatest accomplishments of this leader was his ability; Spurgeon demonstrated his ability to adapt through his ability to model after Christ-like doings in his daily livings and through his recovery and later ministries.…
Edmond Morgan builds an easy to understand case of explaining the initial failures of the Jamestown colony. He credits the failures to chaotic organization, laziness, the makeup of the population, and poor ideas for prosperity.…
William Byrd II, Jonathan Edwards, and Benjamin Franklin were three well know and respected me around the same time period and have many qualities in common. Although these men have similar prospects in life, they had a very different views in religion. I think this was caused by the different orientation they received as children by their parents, their lifestyles, and the place where the lived. In the following paragraphs I will explain in detail how these three outstanding men differed in their religious outlooks.…
In considering “The Faithful Preacher: Recapturing the Vision of Three Pioneering African- American Pastors.” I will assign this book two strengths.…
During the 1750’s through the 1780’s American society was becoming increasingly less democratic in terms of property distribution and more democratic when it came to social structure as well as politics and religion. The tolerance of religion may have sparked from the Great Awakening during this time period. The evidence shown from society in Wethersfield, Connecticut, is a great paradigm of the changes in American society.…
In Theodore Parker’s religion he believed that all human beings had an inherent spiritual faculty, and by reaching into and outside oneself, the path to the Divine and the truth would be revealed. “After that Parker taught at a school in Watertown and among other places to earn a little money. He established himself as one of the Transcendentalist, and for a time the Massachusetts Historical Review”. “Parker theologically liberal brand of christianity is not only worthy of close study, the author seems to suggest; it begs for retrieval. It is something else he wanted to…
carefully examined the Baptists to find out how they were able to achieve a new social…
The Second Great Awakening in the early nineteenth century was about making people more noble, God-fearing, and erudite. Stemmed from the repercussion against the deist faith, Americans began pouring their time and energy into religious resurgences and reform movements. This uproar of religious groundswell sparked massive social reforms that amplified throughout the country. The idea that everyone can be saved, and everybody is worthy of salvation, heightened the interaction between one another through evangelism. Voluminous varieties of restructurings, all birthed from the awakening and spurred from evangelistic outreaching, included the ideas of alcohol consumption, women’s rights, and the education system.…
Why did Christianity grow so rapidly in the first four centuries AD? How did a tiny unknown movement of a group of people grow to be one of the dominant forces in the Roman Empire? “God’s providence” and “miracles” has been the easiest way to explain such a puzzle. Yet, stopping at such answers deprives us from the opportunity to better understand the complexity of the early Christians growth and takes from us the lessons we can gain from the experience.…
The Second Great Awakening laid the foundations of the development of present-day religious beliefs and establishments, moral views, and democratic ideals in the United States. Beginning back in late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century,1 this Protestant awakening sought to reach out the un-churched and bring people to a much more personal and vivid experience of Christianity. Starting on the Southern frontier and soon spreading to the Northeast, the Second Great Awakening has also been associated as a response against the growing liberalism in religion - skepticism, deism, and rational Christianity.2 Although the movement is well-known to be just a period of religious revival, its tremendous effects still influence the nation even up to now. The lasting impacts of the revolution include the shift of the dominating Christian theology from predestination to salvation for all, the emergence and growth of religious factions, the escalation of involvement in secular affairs, and the shaping of the country into a more egalitarian society. These footprints left by the Second Great Awakening helped mold America into what it is today.…
The Second Great Awakening was a revival movement that had occurred in the 1730s with the goal of creating a Protestant creed that would maintain the idea of Christian community in a period of rapid individualism and competition. As our book mentions, the Second Great Awakening was “one of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religious. This tidal wave of spiritual fervor left in its wake countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized church, and numerous new sects. It also encouraged an effervescent evangelicalism that bubbled up into innumerable areas of American life…” (308). Some of those key features that were reformed were prison reform, the temperance cause, the women’s movement and feminization of religion, and the crusade to abolish slavery.…
In the thirty year span between 1830 and 1860, the Second Great Awakening did much to change the modern American mind by sparking the abolitionist movement, empowering women (in their domestic sphere) and forming the cult of domesticity, partially fixing the corrupt government through the temperance movement, and in the creation of many utopian societies by radical religious populations. Puritanism was kicked to the side when Evangelicalism took root. This religious renaissance was absolutely more optimistic than worship from the past; sin was no longer an inevitable part of your being. Rather, you could find salvation through yourself, so long as you avoided or repented your sin.3…