In 1559 Queen Elizabeth 1 of England passed two acts as part of the Church Settlement: The Act of Supremacy and The Act of Uniformity. With these acts she aimed to unite her countries people and avoid rebellion from each religious group. At first it seemed to have worked: The new Archbishop of Canterbury, Matthew Parker (a moderate protestant) was popular with most people; Only 250 out of 9000 priests refused to take the oath of loyalty to the new Church; the fines for recusancy were not strictly enforced and there were no serious protests or rebellions. By 1568 most people had accepted the new Church.…
The rejection of constitutionalism by Charles I’s sour relationship with the Parliament and Oliver Cromwell’s dissolving of Parliament, along with the acceptance of constitutionalism through the Glorious Revolution during the reign of William and Mary all resulted in a strong English power and newly reinforced parliamentary rights.…
7. nnocent Annulling the Magna Carta from The Letters of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), Concerning England and Wales edited and translated by Christopher R. Cheney and Mary G. Cheney, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 212-16…
It is possible to perceive that England was torn apart by religious revolution as a consequence of the public risings in the response to the changes. After their introduction, the country suffered from a number of rebellions, most significantly the Western rebellion- also known as the Prayer Book rebellion. During the Somerset protectorate of Edward’s rule, the Act of Uniformity was introduced and consequently the English version of the Common Prayer Book as opposed to the Latin variant- an act that proved to be the primary cause of the Western rebellion. The dispute was then antagonised by the harsh enforcement of religious changes by William Body and the demands from the rebels to reintroduce Catholicism and its rituals, such as the use of Latin in services. However, although this uprising resulted in a 3000 strong protest, it only occurred in the South of the country, suggesting that support for the rebellion wasn’t national. Other negative responses to the introduction of the Common Prayer book include non-attendance at church services- an act sufficient enough for it to be noted and to prompt government action.…
England had a reputation for maintaining the power of the king over the pope. Edward I rejected efforts of the pope to not tax the clergy. Parliament passed the Statutes of Province and the Praemunire in the mid-14th century to lessen payments to Rome. Lollardy, humanism and anticlerical feelings paved the road for Protestant ideas in the early 16th century.…
The Roman Catholic Church was very powerful in England. Henry hated the fact that his country should allow someone else to have so much power of them. After all, Henry was very lustful for power, and was used to getting what he wants when he wants!…
The trials of Prynne, Bastwick and Burton, and Hampden reveal much about the religious and political controversies under Charles’ Personal Rule, the most significant arguably the Divine Right of Kings, a political and religious doctrine of royal absolutism. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule from God. Closely connected with this was the introduction and often imposition of the Laudian religious policy, which preached that the institution of Bishops was by jure divino. This was openly criticised by William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick. The determination of the king to enforce retribution on those who opposed religious reform is clearly illustrated by the punishments inflicted on these three puritan pamphleteers. Prosecutions in the Star Chamber invoked sympathy for the victims and unease towards the suspected tyrannical nature of royal authority.…
The "Oath of Honorable Men" the participants must take says, "You shall not enter into our Pilgrimage of Grace for worldly gain. Do so for the love of God, for the Holy Catholic Church militant....(Doc. 1)." This oath shows that the members of the Pilgrimage must only protest for the Catholic Church, not for their own gain. The members must do this through their love for God. At the time protestants and catholics had very different views and religion was a source of tension, even though both groups are Christians. In a petition presented to the King's Council, written by Robert Aske in December of 1536, many things are asked of the Council. "To have the supreme head of the Church be the Pope in Rome as before (Doc. 5)." Henry VII had become the head of the Church by the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The demonstrations and protests of the Pilgrimage of Grace were in part reactions to this act. The Pope had been the face of the Church for past centuries. Now, the King, a protestant political figure head, was also the leader of the Church. This was a major concern of the Catholics who started these armed demonstrations. After the petition, a random pamphlet attributed to…
Wanting an annulment from Catherine the Great, Henry VIII created the Anglican Church through the Act of Supremacy in 1534. This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in England, and Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII’s head of the King’s Council, instigated a series of governmental policies including new taxes, growth of royal power in the north of England, closure of monasteries, and elimination of Catholic church lands. In response to Cromwell’s doings, marchers staged protests and armed demonstrations that came to be known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The religious goals of the participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace discussed the issues of Protestantism and the need for Catholicism to be firmly re-established. The participants also had religious and political concerns about the corruption of the church and Parliament’s authority, resulting in political opposition about treason and government from those supporting Henry VIII.…
Do you agree with the view that it was virtually impossible for effective opposition to form against Henry VIII’s Reformation? Explain your answer, using sources 1, 2 and 3 and your own knowledge. (40 marks)…
In the document The Petition of Right, Parliament was bringing up their concerns to King Charles I. Parliament first brought up the problem of taxes, and how they believed that they should not be unfairly taxed, and in such an event should not be punished for not complying with unlawful taxation. Parliament also brought up their concerns of people being punished unlawfully, without first being allowed a trial by their peers. Finally, they brought up their concerns that in the case that a person be imprisoned, that they be allowed to be told what it is that they are being charged with. In this document, Parliament used past examples of statutes, and decrees of former kings to push back against the king, and to back up what they desire. They…
Antipapal sentiments were deeply rooted well before the Reformation instigated by Luther. A notable example would be John Wycliffe who published a vernacular English Bible in 1382 and thus challenged the privileged status of the clergy. It can be argued that the reason of his failure to make progress could have been the absence of a means of communicating his radical thoughts. The Tudor King Henry VIII disapproved of the new heretical theories advocated by Tyndale and other Lutheran Reformers, so much so that he authored a book called ‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’ (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) criticising these ideas. The refusal of Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon can be considered as the pivotal incident that led the way for the early English Reformation and the break from Rome. Henry VIII encouraged his secretary Thomas Cromwell to ‘turn loose his coterie of publicists and printers against the Pope’. Professor Geoffrey Elton in his book states that ‘this was the first such campaign ever mounted by any government in any state in Europe’. Henry’s ministers Cromwell and Cranmer enacted swiftly: a series of Legal Acts culminating in the Act of Supremacy 1534, and oversaw the publication of the first Great Bible in English in 1539. The Tudor Crown used printing and the printed word to advance it’s ‘official and propaganda’ agenda and as a consequence the printing thrived during the 1530s. As the English Bible was introduced literacy increased, this is supported by A.G. Dickens’s studies which claim that the Reformation happened ‘from below [a spontaneous and voluntary shift in religious sentiments from the lower and middle classes]’. The new Bible was available for people to read the Scriptures in their own language and…
To an extent, Opposition to the religious reforms by Henry VIII wasn’t overly serious, the opposition did have some potential to cause damage but the danger was never severe enough to undermine the Tudor dynasty or threaten the omnipotent once of the “Most Christian King”. Opposition was only as serious as the support it had, which is why The Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 was the most dangerous form of opposition. Henry ensured that disapproval from his kingdom would never threaten to undermine the longevity of the Tudor dynasty by using Cromwell’s key weapon: The Treason Act of 1534. This allowed Henry to eradicate any opposition that had potential to threaten Henry. The religious changes came to a halt in 1540, where Henry sends out a strong deterrent message by executing the architect of the religious changes, Cromwell.…
When Martin Luther posted the 95 theses in 1517, he had changed the entire path of European politics and religion. He sparked a thought in the region that in many cases, converted people’s basic Christian beliefs. At the time, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful Institution. However, there were many corruptions and problematic doctrines, which Luther opposed. Though most commoners became followers because of faith, political leaders sometimes became protestant for other reasons. One important figure that was influenced by this protestant reformation was King Henry VIII of England. A monarch, he had a great desire to have a son that would be his heir, the next king. Unfortunately, his first wife was only able to birth one daughter. By then Henry VIII had formed a relationship with another woman. This one promised him a son. However, the Catholic Church forbade divorce and Henry VIII was Catholic at the time. To resolve this issue, England separated from the church and began the Anglican Church, a church headed by Henry VIII himself. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 officially began England’s Protestant Reformation. With this new power of the state over the church, the head of the King’s Council, Thomas Cromwell, carried out new government policies which included new taxes, increased power of the monarchy in Northern England, dissolution of Roman Catholic monasteries, and confiscation of the lands that belong to the Church. Enraged, commoners and nobles alike began marching and protesting in what was known collectively as the Pilgrimage of Grace. These individuals that numbered in the tens of thousands, marched for political and religious reasons, while the opposition also claimed political and religious reasons for the protests to stop.…
Though the belief of Roman Catholicism was infamous, the king James II attempted to redefine it. He tried to make it the state religion of the country. He was in favor of the Catholics so always tried to give more privileges to them. His ‘dispensing power’ of ruling was the indication of that. He had the authority to renew or repeal any parliamentary act. Therefore, he issued a proclamation was rejected by the parliament because that clearly visualized his tyrannical…