Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Theory of multiple intelligence
Intelligence can be defined as the combined or comprehensive capability of an individual to act purposefully, rationally and to manage effectively within the environment (Wechsler, 1944). Intelligence is also conceived as the sum of three parts: abstract, mechanical and social intelligence (Thorndike 1920; Thorndike, Bregman, Cobb, & Woodyard, 1927). However, Howard Earl Gardner perceived intelligence as ‘the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting’ (Gardner & Hatch, 1989 as cited in Smith, M. K. 2002). He then proposed a theory that there are different types of intelligences although; intelligence is often viewed as one’s knowledge or logic (Gardner,2003). He continues stating that each individual is differed to be proficient at certain intelligences. ‘These intelligences are not exclusive to one another; they all exist in each of us. What differs from person to person is the level of development of each intelligence.’ (Armstrong, T., & Witte, R. 2002) For example, a student excels in academics but struggles in co curricular activities. Therefore, educators should consider an alternate way in their teaching style that connects to most or all of the intelligences.
Gardner (1983) initially devised a list of seven intelligences. The first intelligence is verbal-linguistic, where an individual is usually good at reading and writing. They have a high sensitivity in the spoken and written language. The second intelligence, visual-spatial involves those who are capable in perceiving things or objects differently through their eyes, and are able to recognize spatial relationships. Logical-mathematical intelligence is another intelligence theorized by Gardner, where an individual will be comfortable with numbers, capable to analyse problems and come up with a logical solution. However, for bodily-kinesthetic intelligence entails the muscular movement to solve problems. Individuals with this intelligence are able to coordinate body movements proficiently. Musical intelligence-the fifth intelligence listed in Gardner’s theory, includes skill in recognizing musical rhythms, pitch and tone easily. Music affects those who acquire this intelligence emotionally. People who have interpersonal intelligence are sensitive to other people’s moods, needs and intentions. They comprehend the motivations and will usually work and solve conflicts within a group. Whereas for intrapersonal intelligence, individuals are able to develop a deep understanding towards themselves. This self-reflective capacity helps predict human reactions to others. After a few following researches, an additional type of intelligence was placed into the original seven intelligences as proposed by Gardner himself. (Gardner 1998) The newest addition, Naturalistic intelligence allows a person to cultivate, classify and recognize the major patterns of plants and animals around one’s surroundings. Gardner has actually considered spiritual, moral and existential intelligence but did not have enough evidence (Gardner 2000).
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has cause a revolution in the education field all over the world. Educators have been inspired to conduct this theory in classrooms among students, especially ‘The theory of multiple intelligences (MI) provides a useful framework for understanding both the basic competencies of all people as well as the unique strengths of individuals.’ (Chan,2004) A brain research using neuroimaging method shows that there is brain activity in the left side of the anterior and posterior cortex and the cerebellum when performing an auditory task. However, when a mathematical task is presented to the person, different areas of the brain are active. This suggests that different intelligences are maneuvered by different parts of the brain (Posner 2004). Gardner himself has also conducted a research with two groups and discovered that one of the groups, adults who suffer from strokes are still able to accomplish tasks even though they have lost the ability to do other tasks. (Gardner 1998) Furthermore, Chan (2004) conducted a research on 133 gifted students to investigate their learning and emotional needs by filling out a questionnaire which yielded results that fit the theory. Chan conducted another study between genders and discovered that boys are inclined to report a gain in logical-mathematical intelligence, whereas girls inclined to account a benefit in interpersonal intelligence. (Chan 2006) This proves that each individual possesses a different type of intelligence regardless of one’s sex.
Although there is evidence supporting Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, it is still merely a theory. The major criticism towards Gardner’s theory is the lack of empirical evidence. (Waterhouse,2006) questions Gardner that he failed to specify which multiple intelligence is supported by what proof for which neural system or adapted cognition module. Waterhouse also stated that Gardner failed to provide evidence to certify the intelligences he theorized because the act of applying Multiple Intelligence theory merely assumes the validity of the intelligences. Furthermore, Waterhouse claimed that Gardner’s theory has not gone through any traditional tests requiring pencil and papers. Moreover, Sternberg disagrees with Gardner as he propose a triarchic theory of intelligence that acknowledged analytic, creative, and practical intelligence Sternberg (1985, 1990 as cited in Howard, B. C., McGee, S., Shin, N., & Shia, R. 2001). This differs from Gardner’s eight types of intelligence. Researchers declared that the relationship between Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and I.Q is only positively-correlated, showing that they are categorized under general intelligence. (Brand, 1996; Sternberg, 1983 as cited in Klein, P., 1997). There are also people who have abused this theory based on materialistic reasons: attracting parents and increasing tuition fees claiming that their school has a Multiple Intelligence foundation (Chen, 2006). Gardner has also received various criticism regarding the lack of instructions on how to apply his theory in classes and schools also giving children the impression that they are smart (Willingham 2004; Collins 1998). However, Armstrong argues that the theory was not originally planned by Gardner as an educational model to be applied in the classroom (Armstrong, 2005).
In conclusion, although the balance between the pros and cons of this theory is still unsure, it shows a simplistic view on intelligence. Gardner’s theory did not fail to impact education reform. Hence, he is still contributing to society. ‘We are wasting talent in much the same way we would be wasting money if we threw money in a trash can.’ (Sternberg, R. J., 1998) It is better to realize what we are capable of at an earlier age, although it is claimed that children will not only leave their multiple intelligence after puberty but instead develop it further (Armstrong, 1994). Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence still needs a lot of research and evidence in order to fully support it. I hope the term ‘intelligence’ can be defined without any objections in the near future and educators worldwide can fully implement it.
References
Armstrong, T. (1994). Multiple intelligences: seven ways to approach curriculum. Retrieved December 22, 2006 http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov94/vol52/num03/Multiple-Intelligences@-Seven-Ways-to-Approach-Curriculum.aspx Armstrong, T., & Witte, R. (2002). Multiple intelligences in the classroom: A review and reflection. A Fine FACTA, 4(2), 0.
Chan, D.W. (2004). Multiple Intelligences of Chinese gifted students in Hong Kong: Perspectives from students, parents, teachers, and peers. Roeper Review, Vol 27(1),18-24.
Chan, D. W. (2006). Perceived multiple intelligences among male and female chinese gifted students in Hong Kong: The structure of the student multiple intelligences profile. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(4), 325-338,356. http://search.proquest.com/docview/212090122?accountid=147442 Gardner, Howard (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner, Howard (2000), Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02611-1
Gardner, H. (2004). A multiplicity of intelligences: In tribute to Professor Luigi Vigno
Klein, P. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of gardner 's theory. Canadian Journal of Education, 22(4), 377.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Ability testing, instruction, and assessment of achievement: Breaking out of the vicious circle. National Association of Secondary School Principals.NASSP Bulletin, 82(595), 4-10.
Waterhouse, Lynn (Fall 2006). "Inadequate Evidence for Multiple Intelligences, Mozart Effect, and Emotional Intelligence Theories". Educational Psychologist 41 (4): 247–255 http://alliance.la.asu.edu/temporary/students/katie/MultipleIntelligenceMusic2.pdf
References: Armstrong, T. (1994). Multiple intelligences: seven ways to approach curriculum. Retrieved December 22, 2006 http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov94/vol52/num03/Multiple-Intelligences@-Seven-Ways-to-Approach-Curriculum.aspx Armstrong, T., & Witte, R. (2002). Multiple intelligences in the classroom: A review and reflection. A Fine FACTA, 4(2), 0. Chan, D.W Chan, D. W. (2006). Perceived multiple intelligences among male and female chinese gifted students in Hong Kong: The structure of the student multiple intelligences profile. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(4), 325-338,356. http://search.proquest.com/docview/212090122?accountid=147442 Gardner, Howard (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences Gardner, Howard (2000), Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02611-1 Gardner, H Klein, P. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of gardner 's theory. Canadian Journal of Education, 22(4), 377. Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Ability testing, instruction, and assessment of achievement: Breaking out of the vicious circle. National Association of Secondary School Principals.NASSP Bulletin, 82(595), 4-10. Waterhouse, Lynn (Fall 2006)
Theory of multiple intelligence
Intelligence can be defined as the combined or comprehensive capability of an individual to act purposefully, rationally and to manage effectively within the environment (Wechsler, 1944). Intelligence is also conceived as the sum of three parts: abstract, mechanical and social intelligence (Thorndike 1920; Thorndike, Bregman, Cobb, & Woodyard, 1927). However, Howard Earl Gardner perceived intelligence as ‘the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting’ (Gardner & Hatch, 1989 as cited in Smith, M. K. 2002). He then proposed a theory that there are different types of intelligences although; intelligence is often viewed as one’s knowledge or logic (Gardner,2003). He continues stating that each individual is differed to be proficient at certain intelligences. ‘These intelligences are not exclusive to one another; they all exist in each of us. What differs from person to person is the level of development of each intelligence.’ (Armstrong, T., & Witte, R. 2002) For example, a student excels in academics but struggles in co curricular activities. Therefore, educators should consider an alternate way in their teaching style that connects to most or all of the intelligences.
Gardner (1983) initially devised a list of seven intelligences. The first intelligence is verbal-linguistic, where an individual is usually good at reading and writing. They have a high sensitivity in the spoken and written language. The second intelligence, visual-spatial involves those who are capable in perceiving things or objects differently through their eyes, and are able to recognize spatial relationships. Logical-mathematical intelligence is another intelligence theorized by Gardner, where an individual will be comfortable with numbers, capable to analyse problems and come up with a logical solution. However, for bodily-kinesthetic intelligence entails the muscular movement to solve problems. Individuals with this intelligence are able to coordinate body movements proficiently. Musical intelligence-the fifth intelligence listed in Gardner’s theory, includes skill in recognizing musical rhythms, pitch and tone easily. Music affects those who acquire this intelligence emotionally. People who have interpersonal intelligence are sensitive to other people’s moods, needs and intentions. They comprehend the motivations and will usually work and solve conflicts within a group. Whereas for intrapersonal intelligence, individuals are able to develop a deep understanding towards themselves. This self-reflective capacity helps predict human reactions to others. After a few following researches, an additional type of intelligence was placed into the original seven intelligences as proposed by Gardner himself. (Gardner 1998) The newest addition, Naturalistic intelligence allows a person to cultivate, classify and recognize the major patterns of plants and animals around one’s surroundings. Gardner has actually considered spiritual, moral and existential intelligence but did not have enough evidence (Gardner 2000).
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has cause a revolution in the education field all over the world. Educators have been inspired to conduct this theory in classrooms among students, especially ‘The theory of multiple intelligences (MI) provides a useful framework for understanding both the basic competencies of all people as well as the unique strengths of individuals.’ (Chan,2004) A brain research using neuroimaging method shows that there is brain activity in the left side of the anterior and posterior cortex and the cerebellum when performing an auditory task. However, when a mathematical task is presented to the person, different areas of the brain are active. This suggests that different intelligences are maneuvered by different parts of the brain (Posner 2004). Gardner himself has also conducted a research with two groups and discovered that one of the groups, adults who suffer from strokes are still able to accomplish tasks even though they have lost the ability to do other tasks. (Gardner 1998) Furthermore, Chan (2004) conducted a research on 133 gifted students to investigate their learning and emotional needs by filling out a questionnaire which yielded results that fit the theory. Chan conducted another study between genders and discovered that boys are inclined to report a gain in logical-mathematical intelligence, whereas girls inclined to account a benefit in interpersonal intelligence. (Chan 2006) This proves that each individual possesses a different type of intelligence regardless of one’s sex.
Although there is evidence supporting Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, it is still merely a theory. The major criticism towards Gardner’s theory is the lack of empirical evidence. (Waterhouse,2006) questions Gardner that he failed to specify which multiple intelligence is supported by what proof for which neural system or adapted cognition module. Waterhouse also stated that Gardner failed to provide evidence to certify the intelligences he theorized because the act of applying Multiple Intelligence theory merely assumes the validity of the intelligences. Furthermore, Waterhouse claimed that Gardner’s theory has not gone through any traditional tests requiring pencil and papers. Moreover, Sternberg disagrees with Gardner as he propose a triarchic theory of intelligence that acknowledged analytic, creative, and practical intelligence Sternberg (1985, 1990 as cited in Howard, B. C., McGee, S., Shin, N., & Shia, R. 2001). This differs from Gardner’s eight types of intelligence. Researchers declared that the relationship between Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and I.Q is only positively-correlated, showing that they are categorized under general intelligence. (Brand, 1996; Sternberg, 1983 as cited in Klein, P., 1997). There are also people who have abused this theory based on materialistic reasons: attracting parents and increasing tuition fees claiming that their school has a Multiple Intelligence foundation (Chen, 2006). Gardner has also received various criticism regarding the lack of instructions on how to apply his theory in classes and schools also giving children the impression that they are smart (Willingham 2004; Collins 1998). However, Armstrong argues that the theory was not originally planned by Gardner as an educational model to be applied in the classroom (Armstrong, 2005).
In conclusion, although the balance between the pros and cons of this theory is still unsure, it shows a simplistic view on intelligence. Gardner’s theory did not fail to impact education reform. Hence, he is still contributing to society. ‘We are wasting talent in much the same way we would be wasting money if we threw money in a trash can.’ (Sternberg, R. J., 1998) It is better to realize what we are capable of at an earlier age, although it is claimed that children will not only leave their multiple intelligence after puberty but instead develop it further (Armstrong, 1994). Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence still needs a lot of research and evidence in order to fully support it. I hope the term ‘intelligence’ can be defined without any objections in the near future and educators worldwide can fully implement it.
References
Armstrong, T. (1994). Multiple intelligences: seven ways to approach curriculum. Retrieved December 22, 2006 http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov94/vol52/num03/Multiple-Intelligences@-Seven-Ways-to-Approach-Curriculum.aspx Armstrong, T., & Witte, R. (2002). Multiple intelligences in the classroom: A review and reflection. A Fine FACTA, 4(2), 0.
Chan, D.W. (2004). Multiple Intelligences of Chinese gifted students in Hong Kong: Perspectives from students, parents, teachers, and peers. Roeper Review, Vol 27(1),18-24.
Chan, D. W. (2006). Perceived multiple intelligences among male and female chinese gifted students in Hong Kong: The structure of the student multiple intelligences profile. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(4), 325-338,356. http://search.proquest.com/docview/212090122?accountid=147442 Gardner, Howard (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner, Howard (2000), Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02611-1
Gardner, H. (2004). A multiplicity of intelligences: In tribute to Professor Luigi Vigno
Klein, P. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of gardner 's theory. Canadian Journal of Education, 22(4), 377.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Ability testing, instruction, and assessment of achievement: Breaking out of the vicious circle. National Association of Secondary School Principals.NASSP Bulletin, 82(595), 4-10.
Waterhouse, Lynn (Fall 2006). "Inadequate Evidence for Multiple Intelligences, Mozart Effect, and Emotional Intelligence Theories". Educational Psychologist 41 (4): 247–255 http://alliance.la.asu.edu/temporary/students/katie/MultipleIntelligenceMusic2.pdf
References: Armstrong, T. (1994). Multiple intelligences: seven ways to approach curriculum. Retrieved December 22, 2006 http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov94/vol52/num03/Multiple-Intelligences@-Seven-Ways-to-Approach-Curriculum.aspx Armstrong, T., & Witte, R. (2002). Multiple intelligences in the classroom: A review and reflection. A Fine FACTA, 4(2), 0. Chan, D.W Chan, D. W. (2006). Perceived multiple intelligences among male and female chinese gifted students in Hong Kong: The structure of the student multiple intelligences profile. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(4), 325-338,356. http://search.proquest.com/docview/212090122?accountid=147442 Gardner, Howard (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences Gardner, Howard (2000), Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02611-1 Gardner, H Klein, P. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of gardner 's theory. Canadian Journal of Education, 22(4), 377. Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Ability testing, instruction, and assessment of achievement: Breaking out of the vicious circle. National Association of Secondary School Principals.NASSP Bulletin, 82(595), 4-10. Waterhouse, Lynn (Fall 2006)