February 2013
Linkers Linkers are signals that show the connection between one idea and the next. They are important in reading because they help understanding a text. The following chart shows some of the linkers you may need to use while expressing opinions and ideas. TASK 1. Study the linkers and complete the blanks in the table. FUNCTION To list ideas in order of importance To list actions in time order LINKERS first (of all) / then / to begin with / next /afterwards / finally after / before
________________________________ and / moreover / also / in addition / furthermore ________________________________ because / as / since To express contrast but / however
________________________________ for example / to illustrate / for instance To express unexpected result ________________________________ To signal paraphrasing ________________________________ To add a summary although / even though so / as a result / consequently that is / in other words in conclusion / to conclude in summary / to sum up / to summarize
1
TASK 2. Study the table which shows the correct punctuation patterns of the linkers in Task 1 and complete the blanks accordingly.
Pattern 1
*These linkers may follow a semicolon (;) instead of a full stop. First (of all) ________________ To begin with Next Afterwards Finally ________________ , sentence. sentence . Also In addition Furthermore ________________ For example ________________ For instance ________________ Consequently That is In other words ________________ In summary To conclude To sum up To summarize
Pattern 2 sentence , but _____ so sentence
Pattern 3
After ________________ Although/Even though sentence ________________
,
sentence.
after Sentence before ________________ because/as/since
sentence.
Two connectors that frequently appear in reading texts are on the contrary and in fact. On the contrary is used to