Gender in South Africa

ABSTRACT
Apartheid imposed strict restrictions that hindered the wellbeing of South African women. Black women were often left for domestic occupations in white neighborhoods or resort to low wage earning jobs at industrial plants. Various movements such as the Women’s League of the African National Congress (ANC) rose in order to protest against apartheid restrictions and discriminatory legislation in the 1950s. When South Africa’s authoritative regime was approaching its end in the 1990s, the ANC proposed new legislation that a third of political appointments would be allotted to women. Unfortunately, twenty years later, African women are still faced with the same marginal disparities in accessing education, employment, and health care despite South Africa’s progressive strides into civil society. This study examines the development of South African women in the nation’s new “democratic” era.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. THE STUDY
The Problem and Its Setting
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Terminology
Methodology
Review of Literature
Significance of the Study
Research Limitations
2. FINDINGS
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

SECTION 1: THE STUDY
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Statement of the Problem
This research examines political, economic, and cultural impact of South African women’s movements. The study will explore the following questions: (1) Is the South African Parliament truly gender-sensitive in its transition to a fully-fledged democracy?; (2) Where are women in the formal and informal economy relative to men?; (3) Which cultural impediments hinder the South Africa’s transition to civil society?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Is the South African Parliament truly gender-sensitive in its conversion to a fully-fledged democracy?
This question analyzes the political structure of the country on party and policy boundaries.
- Are interests of the African

Bibliography: (1994). South Africa 's National Policy Framework for Women 's Empowerment and Gender Equality. The Office on the Status of Women. (2007). Gender Terminology. United States Agency of International Development. (2009). The National Gender Machinery, Gender Mainstreaming and the Fight against Gender Based Violence. Africa Development Fund. (2008). Protocol on Gender and Development. Southern African Development Community. Ackerly, B. A., Stern, M., & True, J. (2006). Feminist Methodologies for International Relations (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beall, J., Gelb, S., & Hassim, S. (2005). Fragile Stability: State and Society in Democratic South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(4), 681-700. Bernstein A Binns, T., & Robinson, R. (2002). Sustaining Democracy in the 'New ' South Africa. Geography, 87(1), 25-37. Code, L Cornelissen, S., & Horstmeier, S. (2002). The Social and Political Construction of Identities in the New South Africa: An Analysis of the Western Cape Province. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(1), 55-82. Gawaya, R., & Mukasa, R Geisler, G. (2000). Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle ': Women, Men and Politics in South Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(4), 605-630. Goetz, A Hassim, S. (2003). The Gender Pact and Democratic Consolidation: Institutionalizing Gender Equality in the South African State. Feminist Studies, Inc., 29(3), 504-528. Hassim, S Htun, M. (2004). Is Gender like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups. Perspectives on Politics, 2(3), 439-458. Hawker, G. (2000). Political Leadership in the ANC: The South African Provinces 1994-1999. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(4), 631-658. Lodge, T Longwe, S. H. (2000). Towards Realistic Strategies for Women 's Political Empowerment in Africa. Oxfam GB, Gender and Development, 8(3), 24-30. Longwe, S Johnson, K., & Jacobs, S. (2011). Encyclopedia of South Africa. Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Meer, S. (2005). Freedom for Women: Mainstreaming Gender in the South African Liberation Struggle and Beyond. Oxfam GB, Gender and Development, 13(2), 36-45. Mikell, G Mtintso, T. (2003). Representivity: False Sisterhood or Universal Women 's Interests? The South African Experience. Feminist Studies, 29(3), 569-579. Robertson, C Schatzberg, M. G. (1993). Power, Legitimacy and 'Democratisation ' in Africa. Cambridge University Press, International African Institute, 63(4), 445-461. Seidman, G Stremlau, J. J., & Zille, H. (1997). A House No Longer Divided: Progress and Prospects for Democratic Peace in South Africa. New York: Carnegie Corporation. Viterna, J., & Fallon, K. M. (2008). Democratization, Women 's Movements, and Gender-Equitable States: A Framework for Comparison. American Sociological Review, 73(4), 668-689. Zuern, E Zulu, L. (1998). Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa. Feminist Studies, 24(1), 147-157.