Grade 12 Chemistry Exam Prep

Organic Chemistry

Basic Ideas:
Carbon chains: Straight chains and branched chains, Numbering of chains and branches.

Carbon Rings: Cyclic Molecules, Aromatic Compounds

Types of Organic reactions:
Combustion
Addition
Substitution
Condensation
Oxidation

What is organic chemistry? Carbon compounds.

Methane CH4 Hexane C6 H14
Ethane C2H 6 Heptane C7 H16
Propane C3H 8 Octane C8 H18
Butane C4H10 Nonane C9H20
Pentane C 5 H12 Decane C1 0 H22

Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

Rules:

Cycloalkanes: Alkenes: Alkynes:
General formula: Cn H2n General formula: Cn H2n General formula:Cn H2n -2

Haloalkanes: Alekanes: Alcohols:
Alkylhalides CnH2n+n “OH” group F (Fluoro), Cl (Chloro), Br (Bromo), I (Iodo)

Other rules:

“Anes” - No double bonds.

“Enes”-At least One double bond.

“Ynes”- At least one triple bond.

“OH”- name ends in “ol”

“ABC rule”- Try to make the chains in Alphabetical order

“Cyclo”- If the chain is connected together it the name must start with Cyclo (If enclosed)

Chain must start where there is most activity

Di, Tri, Tetra – For listing elements when appearing more than once on a chain

Methyl- Single side chain off the main chain

Name side chains by using “yl”- Methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc..

PRIORITY RULES- are a set of rules that allow us to rank certain chemical features of a molecule on a scale of importance. Typically, molecules/groups containing oxygen have a higher priority.

Cyclo groups-

Triangle: Cyclopropane

Square: Cyclobutane

Pentagon: Cyclopentane

Hexagon: Cyclohexane

ISO
Isopropyl- a side chain off of the main chain that has a duel end -<

Isobutyl- \/<

Isopentyl- -/\<

Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Doesn’t react like an unsaturated molecule.

Ortho-

Meta-

Para-

Toluene-

Phenol-

Addition Vs Substitution: Substitution reactions occur when molecules contain saturated chains (No double or triple bonds) or