Self-esteem has captivated the interest of psychological researchers and the whole of society. “This academic preoccupation is substantially matched by interest among the public at large, and not just among those people, doctors, teachers and social workers who might be expected to show a professional interest in the human psyche. In their everyday lives people routinely treat the notion of self-esteem as an intelligible basis for explaining their own difficulties or other’s failings.” (Emler 2001) High self-esteem is seen as something that every individual should aspire to as much as the desire to be healthy or successful. High self-esteem is judged to be good for all.
This essay will consider what is self-esteem, examining the theories and empirical evidence in support thereof. Thereafter coming to a conclusion.
High self-esteem refers to the way in which individuals view their value and importance. By doing so they ensure that they are kept safe and healthy. They accept imperfections and are content with their achievements, feelings and self, and are comfortable ‘within their skin’. As such self-esteem involves assessment of good and bad things about the self. It is a widely held concept that individuals with high levels of self-esteem are thought to be psychologically happy and healthy (Branden 1994). As opposed to individuals suffering low self-esteem who are believed to be psychologically distressed and depressed (Tennen & Affleck 1993).
Having a high level of self-esteem purportedly allow individuals to deal more effectively with setbacks and negative attitudes. There are some negative consequences connected to high levels of self-esteem however most individuals appear to have happy and meaningful lives as opposed to individuals with low self-esteem who have negative views of
References: Branden, N. (1969). The Psychology of Self-esteem. Branden, N. (1994). The six pillars of self-esteem. New York: Bantam Books. Baumeister, R.F., Smart, L., & Boden, J.M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I., Vohs, K.D. (2003) Does high self- esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and social order. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons. Cose, E. (1993). Rage of a privileged class. New York: HarperCollins. Crandall, C.S. (1994) Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894. Davis, I. (2001). Promoting Self-esteem. www.globalideasbank.org Diener, E., & Diener, M Dittes, J. E. (1959). Attractiveness of group as function of self-esteem and acceptance by group Emler, N. (2001). Self-esteem – The costs and causes of low self-worth. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Epstein, R. (2001). The prince of reason. Psychology Today, 34, 66-76. Horney, K. (1967) Feminine psychology. New York: Norton. Judge, T.A., & Bono, J.E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits, self- esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control and emotional stability – with Kernis, M.H., Granneneman, B.D., & Barclay, L.C. (1989). Stability and level of self- esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility Social Psychology, 56, 1013-1022. Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121-1134. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s social identity Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mruk, C. (1999). Self-esteem research, theory and practice. Free Association Books London. Nezlek, J.B., Kowalski, R.M., Leary, M.R., Belvis, T., & Holgate, S. (1997). Personality moderators of reactions to interpersonal reactions: Depression and trait self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1235-1244. Paulhus, D.L., & Levitt, K. (1987). Desirable responding triggered by affect: Automatic egotism Rogers, C.R. (1957). Client-centred therapy. Boston: Houghton Miffin, 1951. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Seligman, Martin E.P. (1995). The Optimistic Child. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J.D. (1988). Illusion and well being: A social psychological perspective on mental health Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (1993). The puzzles of self-esteem: A clinical perspective. In R