Homeostasis Research Paper
Ma. Bea Agatha Escueta
HOMEOSTASIS
Body systems act together to make a point that the body acts efficiently as a whole, with the brain as a command centre. “Homeostasis is derived from the Greek, homeo or ‘constant’; and stasis or ‘stable’ and means remaining stable or remaining the same.” (Wikipedia. 2013) It is the procedure by which the body keeps static surroundings in which cells, tissues, and systems can operate. If there’s an alteration happen, these procedures can stop, decompress or quicken. Homeostatic mechanism controls a lot of activities inside the body such as our heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and, blood glucose.
“Negative feedback works rather like the central heating system of a building. If the temperature falls below the desired temperature, the thermostat will detect this change and send a message to the boiler to switch on. The heating comes on and the building warms up. When it reached the temperature set by the thermostat, the boiler gets a message to switch off. The heating will switch on again when the temperature drops below the thermostat setting.” (Haworth, et al. 2010 P.206) In order to maintain the interior surrounding at constant, homeostasis relies on feedback like these from the body.
Heart Rate
Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat, specifically the count …show more content…
of heartbeats per unit of time. It is usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). The normal human heart rate ranges from 60 – 100 bpm. Slow heart rate, defined a below 60 bpm is called bradycardia. Fast heart rate, define as above 100 bpm is called tachycardia. Arrhythmia is when the heart rate is irregular in a regular pattern. These abnormalities sometimes, but not always, indicate disease.
Role of internal receptors
Cardiac centre is located in the medulla (also known as medulla oblongata) – the lower half of the brainstem. From the chemoreceptors (also known as chemosensor) – collects information about the level of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the bloodstream – medulla receives signals. They detect the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Role of autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that works as a control system, operating largely below the level of awareness, and controls visceral functions. It is the one who control the heart. It has two branches –the sympathetic nervous system, general action is to circulate the body’s nervous system fight-or-flight response, and the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “rest-and-digest” or “feed and breed” activities that happen when the body is at ease, especially after eating. These systems act like an accelerator and a brake on the heart. During muscular work, tension and fear, sympathetic nervous system is active causing the heartbeat to gain strength and heart rate. While during contentment and peace parasympathetic nervous system is active and output that calms the heart.
Effects of body temperature
The measurement of the force applied to the inside walls of the blood vessels is the blood pressure. It is the total of the blood being pumped and the width of the blood vessels themselves. When blood vessels expand as a reaction to increased body temperatures, the heart has to pump faster to maintain blood pressure.
Effects of adrenaline
Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) is a hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla. In situation of tension or fear, it is secreted into the bloodstream and enables a person to adapt the situation by giving a sudden boost of energy and strength. When adrenaline is secreted, one of its effects is increased heart rate. Because of the “fight-or-flight” situation, one decides if he should remain and fight or run for his life. These activities need extra oxygen and energy. The brain will detect this and forward messages to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into the bloodstream. The heart rate will gain as the body prepare itself for what it is about to do: fight or run. Air passages and blood vessels will enlarge, letting more blood to the muscles and oxygen to the lungs.
Breathing Rate
Breathing rate (also known as respiratory rate) is the total number of breaths taken within a set amount of time, usually 60 seconds. Eupnea is the normal respiratory rate, the termed tachypnea is the increased breathing rate and bradypnea is a lower than normal breathing rate.
Role of internal receptors
Chemoreceptors are located within the aorta, carotid arteries, and medulla.
The one that monitor oxygen concentration levels of the blood are the nerve cells in the aorta and carotid artery that forward messages on the respiratory centres. If the oxygen-concentrated blood drops down, a message is forwarded to the respiratory centres to increase the rate of breathing to bring levels back to normal. If the carbon dioxide-concentrated become too high, chemoreceptors forward messages to the respiratory centres to increase the breathing rate. Through this, the concentration of carbon dioxide is brought back to normal and the breathing rate then
decreases.
Role of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system controls the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to different parts of the body, including the brain. But without parasympathetic nervous system, the system can overwhelm with overabundance of energy that may lead to giddiness, confusion, fear, anxiousness or other types of hyper arousal and distress.
Role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
The diaphragm flattens and moves downward while the intercostal muscles – group of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall – move the ribcage upwards and out. It increases in size decreases the air pressure inside so the air from outside hurries into the lungs to balance the pressures. As we exhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and go back to their resting positions. It reduces the size of the thorax so the pressure of the air to go out of the lungs is increasing.
Effects of adrenaline
Adrenaline will attach to receptors on smooth muscle cells of bronchioles and cause the muscles there to expand. This will relax the muscles thus allowing more oxygen to circulate into the blood. It will also expand the arteries and will quicken the breathing rate.
Body Temperature
The human body has the remarkable capability for regulating its core temperature somewhere between 36.7°C and 37.8°C when the ambient temperature is between approximately 20°C and 54.4°C according to Arthur Guyton. This assumes a bare body and dry air.
Effect of metabolic processes
Basal metabolism is the metabolism that takes place during resting periods. A low body temperature or becoming dehydrated decreases the possibility of burning more calories. Basal metabolism includes all of the body’s normal operations needed to sustain life. Through physical movement, more calories have been burned due to increase in the body’s temperature through working muscle tissue. Calories needed for physical activity and exercise account for about half of those required for basal metabolism. Nevertheless, the amount of calories has been burned through physical movement and muscle effort increases the body’s basal metabolism over time.
Role of skin
Skin is the largest organ of the human body and it is the outer covering of vertebrae. There are loads of capillaries under the skin that the body can use if it needs to loose heat by shunting more of the blood to flow to these capillaries. It also contains glands that release sweat onto the surface of the skin. These are warmed by your body until they evaporate on the skin surface. This procedure needs energy which is received from your body heat, hence heat is lost and the body cool itself.
How heat is lost
Body regulates temperature like a furnace. It is always producing heat and then diffuses it through different procedures. Heat can be lost through conduction – the transmission of heat energy through physical contact with another object or body; convection – the transmission of heat through the movement of the fluids across the skins; radiation – a form of heat loss by using infrared rays; and evaporation – losing heat by converting water to gas.
Role of autonomic nervous system
Encountering hot or cold condition is voluntary. If it is too hot, we can take some clothes off or open the air condition, if it is too cold, we put extra clothes on or turn the heating up. When these reactions are not enough, the thermoregulatory centre is aroused. It is a part of autonomic nervous system that’s why some reactions are involuntary. When we’re too hot, the heat loss centre is activated; when we’re too cold, the heat conservation centre is activated.
Blood Glucose
Blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) is the amount of sugar that is in the blood.
Role of pancreas and liver
The pancreas – an organ that produces some important hormones – releases insulin, which lowers the blood glucose levels, regulating it if it is too high. When the levels of blood glucose are too low, the liver will discharge glycogen that increases the level of blood glucose.
Effects of insulin
Insulin is a hormone that regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. It is released by the pancreas. It helps to regulate blood glucose in the body and allows the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. It also increases the rate if glucose transmission across the cell membrane.
Effects of glucagon
Glycogen (also known as glucagon) is stored in the liver cells and muscles to act as the secondary long-term energy storage. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells, and live glycogen converts to glucose for use throughout the body. It helps to regulate the blood glucose level by balancing the amount of insulin in the body.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Haworth, E., Higgins, H., Hoyle, H., Lavers, S., Lewis, C. (2010) Health and Social Care Level 2. Essex: Pearson Education Limited
Wikipedia. (2013) Human Homeostasis Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis (Date accessed: 27/09/13)
HOMEOSTASIS
Body systems act together to make a point that the body acts efficiently as a whole, with the brain as a command centre. “Homeostasis is derived from the Greek, homeo or ‘constant’; and stasis or ‘stable’ and means remaining stable or remaining the same.” (Wikipedia. 2013) It is the procedure by which the body keeps static surroundings in which cells, tissues, and systems can operate. If there’s an alteration happen, these procedures can stop, decompress or quicken. Homeostatic mechanism controls a lot of activities inside the body such as our heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and, blood glucose.
“Negative feedback works rather like the central heating system of a building. If the temperature falls below the desired temperature, the thermostat will detect this change and send a message to the boiler to switch on. The heating comes on and the building warms up. When it reached the temperature set by the thermostat, the boiler gets a message to switch off. The heating will switch on again when the temperature drops below the thermostat setting.” (Haworth, et al. 2010 P.206) In order to maintain the interior surrounding at constant, homeostasis relies on feedback like these from the body.
Heart Rate
Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat, specifically the count …show more content…
of heartbeats per unit of time. It is usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). The normal human heart rate ranges from 60 – 100 bpm. Slow heart rate, defined a below 60 bpm is called bradycardia. Fast heart rate, define as above 100 bpm is called tachycardia. Arrhythmia is when the heart rate is irregular in a regular pattern. These abnormalities sometimes, but not always, indicate disease.
Role of internal receptors
Cardiac centre is located in the medulla (also known as medulla oblongata) – the lower half of the brainstem. From the chemoreceptors (also known as chemosensor) – collects information about the level of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the bloodstream – medulla receives signals. They detect the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Role of autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that works as a control system, operating largely below the level of awareness, and controls visceral functions. It is the one who control the heart. It has two branches –the sympathetic nervous system, general action is to circulate the body’s nervous system fight-or-flight response, and the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “rest-and-digest” or “feed and breed” activities that happen when the body is at ease, especially after eating. These systems act like an accelerator and a brake on the heart. During muscular work, tension and fear, sympathetic nervous system is active causing the heartbeat to gain strength and heart rate. While during contentment and peace parasympathetic nervous system is active and output that calms the heart.
Effects of body temperature
The measurement of the force applied to the inside walls of the blood vessels is the blood pressure. It is the total of the blood being pumped and the width of the blood vessels themselves. When blood vessels expand as a reaction to increased body temperatures, the heart has to pump faster to maintain blood pressure.
Effects of adrenaline
Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) is a hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla. In situation of tension or fear, it is secreted into the bloodstream and enables a person to adapt the situation by giving a sudden boost of energy and strength. When adrenaline is secreted, one of its effects is increased heart rate. Because of the “fight-or-flight” situation, one decides if he should remain and fight or run for his life. These activities need extra oxygen and energy. The brain will detect this and forward messages to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into the bloodstream. The heart rate will gain as the body prepare itself for what it is about to do: fight or run. Air passages and blood vessels will enlarge, letting more blood to the muscles and oxygen to the lungs.
Breathing Rate
Breathing rate (also known as respiratory rate) is the total number of breaths taken within a set amount of time, usually 60 seconds. Eupnea is the normal respiratory rate, the termed tachypnea is the increased breathing rate and bradypnea is a lower than normal breathing rate.
Role of internal receptors
Chemoreceptors are located within the aorta, carotid arteries, and medulla.
The one that monitor oxygen concentration levels of the blood are the nerve cells in the aorta and carotid artery that forward messages on the respiratory centres. If the oxygen-concentrated blood drops down, a message is forwarded to the respiratory centres to increase the rate of breathing to bring levels back to normal. If the carbon dioxide-concentrated become too high, chemoreceptors forward messages to the respiratory centres to increase the breathing rate. Through this, the concentration of carbon dioxide is brought back to normal and the breathing rate then
decreases.
Role of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system controls the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to different parts of the body, including the brain. But without parasympathetic nervous system, the system can overwhelm with overabundance of energy that may lead to giddiness, confusion, fear, anxiousness or other types of hyper arousal and distress.
Role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
The diaphragm flattens and moves downward while the intercostal muscles – group of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall – move the ribcage upwards and out. It increases in size decreases the air pressure inside so the air from outside hurries into the lungs to balance the pressures. As we exhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and go back to their resting positions. It reduces the size of the thorax so the pressure of the air to go out of the lungs is increasing.
Effects of adrenaline
Adrenaline will attach to receptors on smooth muscle cells of bronchioles and cause the muscles there to expand. This will relax the muscles thus allowing more oxygen to circulate into the blood. It will also expand the arteries and will quicken the breathing rate.
Body Temperature
The human body has the remarkable capability for regulating its core temperature somewhere between 36.7°C and 37.8°C when the ambient temperature is between approximately 20°C and 54.4°C according to Arthur Guyton. This assumes a bare body and dry air.
Effect of metabolic processes
Basal metabolism is the metabolism that takes place during resting periods. A low body temperature or becoming dehydrated decreases the possibility of burning more calories. Basal metabolism includes all of the body’s normal operations needed to sustain life. Through physical movement, more calories have been burned due to increase in the body’s temperature through working muscle tissue. Calories needed for physical activity and exercise account for about half of those required for basal metabolism. Nevertheless, the amount of calories has been burned through physical movement and muscle effort increases the body’s basal metabolism over time.
Role of skin
Skin is the largest organ of the human body and it is the outer covering of vertebrae. There are loads of capillaries under the skin that the body can use if it needs to loose heat by shunting more of the blood to flow to these capillaries. It also contains glands that release sweat onto the surface of the skin. These are warmed by your body until they evaporate on the skin surface. This procedure needs energy which is received from your body heat, hence heat is lost and the body cool itself.
How heat is lost
Body regulates temperature like a furnace. It is always producing heat and then diffuses it through different procedures. Heat can be lost through conduction – the transmission of heat energy through physical contact with another object or body; convection – the transmission of heat through the movement of the fluids across the skins; radiation – a form of heat loss by using infrared rays; and evaporation – losing heat by converting water to gas.
Role of autonomic nervous system
Encountering hot or cold condition is voluntary. If it is too hot, we can take some clothes off or open the air condition, if it is too cold, we put extra clothes on or turn the heating up. When these reactions are not enough, the thermoregulatory centre is aroused. It is a part of autonomic nervous system that’s why some reactions are involuntary. When we’re too hot, the heat loss centre is activated; when we’re too cold, the heat conservation centre is activated.
Blood Glucose
Blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) is the amount of sugar that is in the blood.
Role of pancreas and liver
The pancreas – an organ that produces some important hormones – releases insulin, which lowers the blood glucose levels, regulating it if it is too high. When the levels of blood glucose are too low, the liver will discharge glycogen that increases the level of blood glucose.
Effects of insulin
Insulin is a hormone that regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. It is released by the pancreas. It helps to regulate blood glucose in the body and allows the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. It also increases the rate if glucose transmission across the cell membrane.
Effects of glucagon
Glycogen (also known as glucagon) is stored in the liver cells and muscles to act as the secondary long-term energy storage. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells, and live glycogen converts to glucose for use throughout the body. It helps to regulate the blood glucose level by balancing the amount of insulin in the body.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Haworth, E., Higgins, H., Hoyle, H., Lavers, S., Lewis, C. (2010) Health and Social Care Level 2. Essex: Pearson Education Limited
Wikipedia. (2013) Human Homeostasis Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis (Date accessed: 27/09/13)