How Did August Ugarte Become A Dictator

Augusto Pinochet Outline
THESIS: General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte was a Chilean dictator who showed no mercy and permanently transformed Chile's economy. Despite a few benefits to Chilean society, his covetousness, malice, and unprecedented ambition eventually led to his inevitable downfall.
Question One: What are four categorically different significant facts that illustrate Pinochet following the path to becoming a dictator? I. Early Life A. Birth and Schooling 1. Born in Valparaiso, Chile 2. Attended primary and secondary school 3. Began military school in 1931 in Santiago graduating as a Second Lieutenant in four years

B. Early Military Career 4. Moved to Maipo Regiment as
a sub-lieutenant in 1939, returned to infantry school a year later 5. Entered War Academy, studies postponed due to mission in Lota 6. Promoted to officer chief of staff, returned to school as teacher and head of a military magazine (Cien Aguilas) * The Guardian and Washington Post II. Conspirator C. Conspired with Student Officers 7. Used his position in the military academy to plan with his student officers against Allende 8. Some claim he had absolutely no involvement in the coup’s planning 9. Started two years prior to the coup D. Interactions with the U.S. 10. U.S. promise to him to support a coup using whatever means necessary 11. Phone conversation between U.S. President Nixon and his secretary of state about the U.S. having helped coup forces in Chile 12. U.S. targets him as possible backer of U.S. coup in 1972 * CBC News, Pinochet-A-Biography, and Youtube III. Extensive political and military study E. Dislike of Socialism and Communism 13. First learned of the “diabolical attractions of Marxism” in the 1930’s where Marxists played a major role in Chilean government 14. Was afraid of Christian Democrats. 15. Opposed many of Allende’s economic policies that nationalized economic and social programs F. College studies and development of ideals 16. Studied law and social sciences at University of Chile 17. Later traveled to Ecuador where he taught at the National War Academy

18. Studied law and established ideas of patriotism, respect for authority, and capitalism. * CBC News, Encyclopedia Britannica, and EBSCOhost IV. Military Growth G. Path to Commander-in-Chief 19. Pinochet had become an officer chief of staff 20. Appointed General Chief of Staff in 1972

21. Kept rising through the ranks due to his apparent neutral political affiliation H. Commander-in-Chief and the coup 22. Appointed Commander-in-chief by Marxist Allende in 1973 23. Pinochet disliked current economic state as it was steadily declining, coup was already planned out and ready 24. Led the coup that overthrew Allende, a socialist, on 11 September, 1973 * New York Times, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Spartacus

Question Two: What are some of Pinochet’s character traits? I. Brutality A. Torture, Killings, and Exile 1. Some 3,000 people were killed because they were political opponents of his regime 2. Thousands more were sent into exile 3. At least 29,000 people were tortured B. Effect on people 4. People were taught to fear and respect government authority 5. Families were separated 6. Human rights violations made him an international criminal * New York Times and Washington Post II. Greed C. Money Laundering 7. Riggs Bank decided to pay $8 million to victims of his regime out of his own account.

8. Pinochet held 28 different accounts at the bank, which he used to hide millions of dollars. 9. The deal represented the many thousand that were tortured or exiled. D. Results for society 10. People were unable to receive reparations for the damage the regime caused them 11. Gave people hope that Pinochet may have been indicted and sent to prison for the many crimes he committed 12. Caused him to lose his immunity * CNN World News and BBC World News III. Unbridled Ambition E. Determination 13. Focused on destroying Chilean trade union movement and making Chile the most economically sound Latin American country 14. Banned all opposing political parties, sought to remain the one and only leader 15. Intimidated the populace and sought to block all accusations toward his security members for violations of human rights F. Effect on People 16. Transformed bankrupt economy into most successful Latin American economy 17. Resulted in protest groups going so far as to attempt an assassination 18. People feared opposing him, all opposition groups were ruthlessly terminated * New York Times and Encyclopedia Britannica
Question Three: What was Pinochet’s impact on his country, especially its women and children? I. Politics A. Effects of the previous government 1. Chile’s previous government was destroying itself 2. Law was not thoroughly reinforced, people were running rampant 3. Violence was escalating throughout country B. New Government 4. Congress and political parties were omitted 5. Became a President that was oppressive and ruled with an iron fist 6. Set up a military junta, consolidated control, “transitioned” socialist government to democratic government * BBC and Encyclopedia Britannica II. Effects on society C. Women 7. Women not allowed to get an abortion, was illegal 8. Women had less legal rights than any other Latin American country, felt oppressed 9. Eventually took a stand in 1980s and voted against Pinochet in the referendum D. Children 10. “Disappeared” to be used as hostages against “Communists” 11. Safety of “leftist” political resistance only ensured by use of hiding children in foster homes outside of the country. 12. Lived in constant fear that one day their parents would mysteriously turn up missing or dead * Popmatters and Spartacus III. Human Rights E. Violations 13. Tortured political opponents 14. Denied people freedom of speech 15. Committed high-profile murders outside the boundaries of Chile F. Cover-ups 16. Protected security workers from persecution 17. Censored the media 18. Denied the fact that he and his militia tortured thousands * The Guardian and Washington Post
Question Four: What was Pinochet’s impact on the global economy? I. Chilean Economy A. Growth 1. Changed socialist policy into a free market policy 2. Maintained low inflation rate throughout his time as President 3. Gave economy an acceptable growth rate despite a severe recession B. Decline 4. Trade revenues, slowly weakened the economy 5. Pinochet’s repressive regime shut down numerous trade unions 6. Privatized Chile’s social security system * BBC World News and New York Times II. Exports and Imports C. Exports 7. Increased exports of GDP from 14.5% in 1974 to 31.4% in 1999 8.
Copper exports boomed 9. Left a legacy that caused Chile’s agricultural exports jump from $33 million in 1970 to $1.2 billion in 1991. D. Imports 10. Wealthy accounted for most of any coming into the country 11. U.S. trade agreements not made until 2004 12. Low tariffs * Mongabay and Dollar and Cents III. Worldwide economic effects E. Military control and the success of the regime 13. Economy drastically increased by the policies of the military regime, 14. Neoliberal economic system enforced by military (served as an example for countries around the world) 15. System was recognized as an “economic miracle,” recognized as a prosperous, free enterprise economy F. World’s perception and continuation of policy 16. His ideas still used to this day in certain areas 17. Free market policy used by other countries after seeing effects it had on Chile 18. Countries realized policy can allow countries to enter international economy at the risk of social rights * National Review and Blogspot
Question 5: What were some of the major factors that lead to Pinochet’s fall from
power? I. Savagery A. Killings and disappearances 1. Over 3,200 people executed, thousands more “vanished” 2. Children disappeared shortly after coup, family ties broken 3. Detained thousands of resistance groups and members of opposing political groups B. Totalitarianism 4. Pinochet and military had complete control over the country’s politics 5. Rejected the population basic human rights 6. Iron-fisted rule that systematically eliminated all opposition * BBC World News, Washington Post, and New York Times II. Transfer of Leadership C. Electing a Successor 7. Swore himself in as first President of newly written constitution in 1981 8. Reinstated opposing political parties 9. Plebiscite stating that in 1988 the people could choose to re-elect him for eight more years or elect a successor D. Successors 10. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin replaces him in 1990 11. Eduardo Frei succeeds Aylwin setting forth a plan to reduce military influence

12. Charged previous affiliates of Pinochet with murder * Pinochet-A-Biography, BBC World News, and Encyclopedia Britannica III. Extended Influence E. Political Power 13. Retained Commander and Chief of the army 14. Used his position to attempt to stop human-rights trials against men of his era 15. Relinquished Commander in Chief finally in 1998 then gaining title Senator for life. F. Human Rights Trials 16. Held in custody in Great Britain for a year before allowed back to Chile after being tried by Spanish Judges for crimes against humanity 17. Resigned from Senator for Life in 2002 losing immunity from trials in Chile 18. Placed under house arrest by Chilean officials for the fifth time * BBC World News and Pinochet-A-Biography