How Did David Turnbull Write A Rhetorical Analysis In Tok

Turnbull, David. “Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the Construction of Knowledge Spaces.” Imago Mundi vol. 48, (1996). 5-24. David Turnbull (a Professor at the University of Melbourne) argues that science, cartography, and the state created knowledge spaces that facilitated the conditions required for modern science and cartography in “Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the Construction of Knowledge Spaces.” Turnbull hopes to prove in his essay that cartography and science are intertwined through their connection to knowledge. Turnbull’s primary sources are predominately maps and charts, from the early modern era, such as “The Cantiono Planisphere” and “Carte Pisane.” He depicts and examines the
The primary goal of the Royal Observatory was to correct and improve maps and charts in hopes of solving problems in geography, chronology and navigation. France’s attempts at national development were stifled by the localization of measurements, taxes, weights, and topographical knowledge. The incongruity of France‘s measurements and knowledge convinced the Acadèmie that France needed to have a unified map of the country. The Carte de Cassini is significant because it is the first complete topographical survey of an entire country and taught other countries how to perform national mapping endeavors. Another reason why the Carte de Cassini is relevant is because it helped standardization become an element of modern science and led to international mapping ventures. The scientific institutions in Europe are important because they intertwined science, cartography and the interests of the state as exemplified in the national mapping project of France and trans-national mapping projects of France and England. Turnbull writes, “ This linking created a trans-national knowledge space whose ramified bureaucratic structure in providing the conditions for the possibility of modern science and cartography has the appearance of determining all our knowledge” (20). Turnbull suggests that knowledge spaces are becoming more hegemonic; however, the creation of knowledge spaces is opposed by the attempt to portray science as universal. Turnbull’s main argument is that science, cartography, and the state integrated in early modern Europe and created a knowledge space which incited the conditions for modern science and