How Did Joseph Stalin's Use Of Power
Stalin and Gorbachev
Shaunee Girven
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… page 3
2.0 Comparative Uses of Power ………………….……………………………………. page 4
2.1 Struggle for Power………………………………………………………….. page 3
2.2 Uses of Power………………………………………………………………. page 4
2.2.1 Stalin’s Uses of Power…………………………………………….. page 4
2.2.2 Gorbachev’s Uses of Power………………………………………. page 4
2.3 End of the USSR..………………………………………………………….. page 5
2.4 Foreign Perspectives…………………………………………………….. page 5 - 6
2.4.1 View of Stalin…………………………………………………….. page 5
2.4.2 View of Gorbachev……………………………………………….. page 6
2.1.1 Stalin’s Rise to Power…………………………………………….. page 3
2.3.1 Gorbachev’s …show more content…
Influence……………………………………………. page 5
4.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….. page 6
5.0 Appendices..………………………………………………………………………… page 7
6.0 Bibliography..……………………………………………………………………. page 8 - 9
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev were both significant leaders in the history of the
Soviet Union (USSR). Although notable in their own right both led with completely different styles, policies and objectives. Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953 reshaping Russia from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. He collectivised and industrialised Russia, had enemies sent to labour camps and ended the new economic policy. In 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev was elected the first president of the Soviet
Union. Gorbachev confronted Russia’s problems peacefully but the Russians did not support this new way of leading. Gorbachev introduced new reforms such as Perestroika
(reconstructing), Glasnost (openness) and a democratic society. Stalin used his power to create fear in his people while Gorbachev used his power to support the country.
2.1 STRUGGLE FOR POWER
2.1.1 STALINS RISE TO POWER
Stalin’s rise to power was impacted significantly by the death of Vladimir Lenin who was the current leader of the Soviet Union at the time. Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev were all the next potential leaders of the Soviet Union after Lenin’s death. “Trotsky was away in the Caucasus that month, and Stalin telegraphed him and said that the funeral would be held immediately, so there was no point in undertaking the long trip back to Moscow. Thus Stalin forced Trotsky to be absent for the funeral--he knew how to create and use symbols to his advantage”. Spark Notes states that Stalin would do anything to be in power. Stalin knew that this tactic would make the people have less respect for Trotsky, giving him a better chance in leadership. Once Stalin was in power he exiled Trotsky leaving himself with less opposition.
“Stalin played one side against the other to take power. First, he allied with Zinoviev and
Kamenev to cover up Lenin’s Will and to get Trotsky dismissed. Then, he advocated
‘Socialism in one country’ and allied with the Rightists to get Zinoviev and Kamenev dismissed”. John Clare’s statement corroborates with Spark Notes as they both discuss the Stalin’s plan to get rid of his opposition.
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!3
2.2 USES OF POWER
2.2.1 STALIN’S USES OF POWER
Stalin misused his power by putting anyone who did not support the Communist Party and his opposition in labor camps or executing them to reduce the size of the Soviet Union.
“Stalin wanted to reduce the size and the influence of the Communist Party so he could implement his Five-Year plans without challenge”. The author of South African History Online is stating that Stalin put his values and beliefs before the Soviets and is as well implying that
Stalin killed his own people to reduce resistance of his Five-Year plans.
The source also indicates that Stalin as a leader was ruthless and led based on dictatorship. Stalin helped the country at the cost of his people. “It is believed that during his reign of terror more people were killed than in both the First and Second World Wars combined”. South African History
Online suggests that Stalin was a manipulative leader deceiving the Russian people into believing he was a caring leader when actually the motive was to protect his position as the leader of the Soviet Union. The source corroborates with the first quote as it explains why he killed so many of his own people. “He wanted the Russian people to believe he had their best interest at heart”. Stalin wasn 't hated because the Soviets believed that without him the Soviet
Union would not have won the War. The Education Forum states “Collectivisation of 1928 was seen as a disaster in terms of agricultural production and created widespread peasant opposition”. This source notes that Stalin’s goal for Collectivisation was to strengthen individual lands into collective farms. Stalin was convinced that the replacement of peasant farms with collective farms would increase the food supply (Appendix 1). Over 91% …show more content…
of agricultural land was “collectivised” (Davies, 1930). This decision made the peasants lose their individual plots of land and would have of course created opposition with the feeling of loss of control over their future.
2.2.2 GORBACHEV’S USES OF POWER
Gorbachev used his power to create many political changes that would have a major impact on the Soviet Union’s future.
Although the Russians did not see it at the time, Gorbachev helped stabilise their countries economy for the future through Glasnost and Perestroika. “He believed that the opening up of the political system - essentially democratising it - was the only way to overcome inertia in the political and bureaucratic apparatus”. Weebly states that
Gorbachev was convinced that Glasnost would have an impact on the government and the
Soviet Union itself. Gorbachev wanted to bring freedom to the people but as the Soviets were used to a communist society, this made him lose more support from the people. “Perestroika policy was announced in 1986 and was another attempt to reorganise the economy”. The author of Russiapedia Leaders is showing that Gorbachev is again attempting to restore the economy as the Soviet Union was broke. Gorbachev’s motives were to simply restore the
Soviet Union’s economic status and bring it up to the standards of the west. Through these two political reforms it is suggested that Gorbachev is very likely the reason for the downfall of the Soviet Union.
MR MURPHY
MODERN
HISTORY
!4
2.3 END OF THE USSR
2.3.1 GORBACHEV’S INFLUENCE
Gorbachev played a very important part in the downfall of the Soviet Union. His reforms such as Perestroika and Glasnost changed everything the previous leaders of the USSR aimed for. Gorbachev started Perestroika to help reconstruct the economy as at the time the economy was in a very bad shape due to the many years of collectivisation displayed in Demand for New International Economic Order. “In agriculture, decades of collectivised farming destroyed all incentives among the workforce; vast subsides kept food prices low but distorted the laws of supply and demand.” Another reform that changed the Soviet Union was Glasnost. Glasnost was a very different change for the Soviets because of the openness within the Soviet Union which the people had not experienced before. This is shown by Ashley Kannan. “The reforms and the mentality that Gorbachev brought into power from 1985 helped lead to the
Soviet Union’s breakup because it was a massive departure from the previous forty plus years of political leadership”. From a foreign perspective, the USSR’s collapse happened quickly rather than love a matter of time as stated in History Orb. “From the outside it seemed as if this great superpower self destructed in only three months”.
Realistically, the Soviet Union did fall over a longer period of time from the new reforms that Gorbachev introduced. The Soviets did not see the advantages of
Perestroika and Glasnost therefore did not support Gorbachev.
2.4 FOREIGN PERSPECTIVES
2.4.1 VIEW OF STALIN
Stalin is viewed in Russia as possibly the strongest leader of the Soviet Union. Although he killed millions of his own people the Russian’s still worship him because of his victory of the
World War II. This is displayed by History Today. “Yet, in spite of the millions who suffered and died as a result of his polices, Stalin has long been revered in Russia for leading the country to victory against the Nazis in the Great Patriotic War.” However, Stalin is viewed by some in the world as a horrendous leader and as being one of the most cruel leaders of all time. The author of History Today has a unsympathetic tone towards Stalin as he describes
Stalin’s leadership as ‘ruthless’. “His actions have often been referred to as crimes/genocide against humanity”. The author of South African History Online (South African perspective) also, like stated in History Today, has an unsympathetic tone towards Stalin. The sources both corroborate as they discuss the horrific decisions Stalin made as the dictator of the Soviet
Union.
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!5
2.4.2 VIEW OF GORBACHEV
Gorbachev is viewed by nearly all people around the world as a strong and intelligent political leader to the point of being a hero in Russian society. He did not support violence as did other Soviet Union leaders and focused on the Soviet Union’s future rather than the present.
Ilnitsky from Russia Beyond The Headlines can now see why he created Perestroika and Glasnost and understands that the needed change for the future to save the Soviet’s economy. “I did not have much respect for him during the 1980s and 1990s, but now I think I understand him, and now I have great respect for him as a person, and sympathy for him as a politician”.
Source 2 implies that it would have been very difficult in regards to Gorbachev making the new changes within the Soviet Union with the resulting resistance but Gorbachev understood the benefits of focusing on the future. “On the contrary, his is a heroic achievement, because
Machiavelli was right when he observed that nothing is more difficult than taking the lead in the introduction of a new order of things”. The Author of the book Gorbachev: Triumph and
Failure, Kaiser, worked at the Washington Post for more than 50 years and was employed as the editor (1991-1998) and the senior correspondent (1998-2014). Kaiser is the author/coauthor of eight political books and so it is noted that this is a reliable source. As time goes by more Russians are gradually beginning to understand and support his decisions although this has come 25yrs to late.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Although Mikhail Gorbachev and Joseph Stalin both led the Soviet Union differently they were both very powerful leaders. Stalin ruled through the killing of millions of his own people, collectivisation which led to famines and industrialisation which led to terrible working conditions. Even though Gorbachev is known for helping the downfall of the Soviet
Union through his reforms of Perestroika and Glasnost, he did it for the better of Russia.
Stalin used his power to create fear within his people while Gorbachev used his power to assist
Russia which eventually led to the downfall of the Soviet Union.
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!6
5.0 APPENDICIES
Appendix 1:
“Strengthen working discipline in collective farms” – Soviet propaganda poster issued in
Uzbekistan, 1933
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!7
6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brooman J., Stalin and the Soviet Union, Longman, 1991
Chauhan, S, 1997. Demand for New International Economic Order. M.D. Publications Pvt.
Ltd.
Conquest R. , Stalin: Breaker of Nations, Viking, 1991
Gorbachev and His Reforms - Chapter 39. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// whapch39.weebly.com/gorbachev-and-his-reforms.html. [Accessed 17 June 2015].
How did Gorbachev 's reforms lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union? eNotes.com. 2015.
[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-gorbachevsreforms-lead-breakup-soviet-176699. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
Lynch, M., Stalin and Khrushchev The USSR, 1924-64,Hodder & Stoughton, 1990
Mikhail Gorbachev – Russiapedia Leaders Prominent Russians. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/leaders/mikhail-gorbachev/. [Accessed 17
June 2015].
SparkNotes: Joseph Stalin: The Struggle for Power. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// www.sparknotes.com/biography/stalin/section6.rhtml. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
Stalin - a totalitarian dictator. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skwirk.com/pc_s-14_u-309_t-764_c-2869/stalin-a-totalitarian-dictator/nsw/history/investigating-history/ who-is-that-. [Accessed 1 June 2015]
Stalin Takes Power. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.johndclare.net/Russ9.htm.
[Accessed 1 June 2015].
Stalin 's use of terror - History of Russia - The Education Forum. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=1325. [Accessed 17 June
2015].
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!8
Stalinism and how Stalin used his power to change Marxism-Leninism | South African
History Online. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/stalinismgrade-11-south-african-history-online. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
Stalinism and how Stalin used his power to change Marxism-Leninism | South African
History Online. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/stalinismgrade-11-south-african-history-online. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
The Collapse of the Soviet Union | HistoryOrb.com. 2015. The Collapse of the Soviet
Union | HistoryOrb.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.historyorb.com/russia/ intro.php. [Accessed 17 June 2015].
White A., Russia and the USSR 1905- 1964, Collins Living History, 1995
Who is Gorbachev to you? | Russia Beyond The Headlines . 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://rbth.com/articles/2011/03/02/who_is_gorbachev_to_you_12516.html. [Accessed 17
June 2015].
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!9
Shaunee Girven
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… page 3
2.0 Comparative Uses of Power ………………….……………………………………. page 4
2.1 Struggle for Power………………………………………………………….. page 3
2.2 Uses of Power………………………………………………………………. page 4
2.2.1 Stalin’s Uses of Power…………………………………………….. page 4
2.2.2 Gorbachev’s Uses of Power………………………………………. page 4
2.3 End of the USSR..………………………………………………………….. page 5
2.4 Foreign Perspectives…………………………………………………….. page 5 - 6
2.4.1 View of Stalin…………………………………………………….. page 5
2.4.2 View of Gorbachev……………………………………………….. page 6
2.1.1 Stalin’s Rise to Power…………………………………………….. page 3
2.3.1 Gorbachev’s …show more content…
Influence……………………………………………. page 5
4.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….. page 6
5.0 Appendices..………………………………………………………………………… page 7
6.0 Bibliography..……………………………………………………………………. page 8 - 9
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev were both significant leaders in the history of the
Soviet Union (USSR). Although notable in their own right both led with completely different styles, policies and objectives. Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953 reshaping Russia from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. He collectivised and industrialised Russia, had enemies sent to labour camps and ended the new economic policy. In 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev was elected the first president of the Soviet
Union. Gorbachev confronted Russia’s problems peacefully but the Russians did not support this new way of leading. Gorbachev introduced new reforms such as Perestroika
(reconstructing), Glasnost (openness) and a democratic society. Stalin used his power to create fear in his people while Gorbachev used his power to support the country.
2.1 STRUGGLE FOR POWER
2.1.1 STALINS RISE TO POWER
Stalin’s rise to power was impacted significantly by the death of Vladimir Lenin who was the current leader of the Soviet Union at the time. Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev were all the next potential leaders of the Soviet Union after Lenin’s death. “Trotsky was away in the Caucasus that month, and Stalin telegraphed him and said that the funeral would be held immediately, so there was no point in undertaking the long trip back to Moscow. Thus Stalin forced Trotsky to be absent for the funeral--he knew how to create and use symbols to his advantage”. Spark Notes states that Stalin would do anything to be in power. Stalin knew that this tactic would make the people have less respect for Trotsky, giving him a better chance in leadership. Once Stalin was in power he exiled Trotsky leaving himself with less opposition.
“Stalin played one side against the other to take power. First, he allied with Zinoviev and
Kamenev to cover up Lenin’s Will and to get Trotsky dismissed. Then, he advocated
‘Socialism in one country’ and allied with the Rightists to get Zinoviev and Kamenev dismissed”. John Clare’s statement corroborates with Spark Notes as they both discuss the Stalin’s plan to get rid of his opposition.
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!3
2.2 USES OF POWER
2.2.1 STALIN’S USES OF POWER
Stalin misused his power by putting anyone who did not support the Communist Party and his opposition in labor camps or executing them to reduce the size of the Soviet Union.
“Stalin wanted to reduce the size and the influence of the Communist Party so he could implement his Five-Year plans without challenge”. The author of South African History Online is stating that Stalin put his values and beliefs before the Soviets and is as well implying that
Stalin killed his own people to reduce resistance of his Five-Year plans.
The source also indicates that Stalin as a leader was ruthless and led based on dictatorship. Stalin helped the country at the cost of his people. “It is believed that during his reign of terror more people were killed than in both the First and Second World Wars combined”. South African History
Online suggests that Stalin was a manipulative leader deceiving the Russian people into believing he was a caring leader when actually the motive was to protect his position as the leader of the Soviet Union. The source corroborates with the first quote as it explains why he killed so many of his own people. “He wanted the Russian people to believe he had their best interest at heart”. Stalin wasn 't hated because the Soviets believed that without him the Soviet
Union would not have won the War. The Education Forum states “Collectivisation of 1928 was seen as a disaster in terms of agricultural production and created widespread peasant opposition”. This source notes that Stalin’s goal for Collectivisation was to strengthen individual lands into collective farms. Stalin was convinced that the replacement of peasant farms with collective farms would increase the food supply (Appendix 1). Over 91% …show more content…
of agricultural land was “collectivised” (Davies, 1930). This decision made the peasants lose their individual plots of land and would have of course created opposition with the feeling of loss of control over their future.
2.2.2 GORBACHEV’S USES OF POWER
Gorbachev used his power to create many political changes that would have a major impact on the Soviet Union’s future.
Although the Russians did not see it at the time, Gorbachev helped stabilise their countries economy for the future through Glasnost and Perestroika. “He believed that the opening up of the political system - essentially democratising it - was the only way to overcome inertia in the political and bureaucratic apparatus”. Weebly states that
Gorbachev was convinced that Glasnost would have an impact on the government and the
Soviet Union itself. Gorbachev wanted to bring freedom to the people but as the Soviets were used to a communist society, this made him lose more support from the people. “Perestroika policy was announced in 1986 and was another attempt to reorganise the economy”. The author of Russiapedia Leaders is showing that Gorbachev is again attempting to restore the economy as the Soviet Union was broke. Gorbachev’s motives were to simply restore the
Soviet Union’s economic status and bring it up to the standards of the west. Through these two political reforms it is suggested that Gorbachev is very likely the reason for the downfall of the Soviet Union.
MR MURPHY
MODERN
HISTORY
!4
2.3 END OF THE USSR
2.3.1 GORBACHEV’S INFLUENCE
Gorbachev played a very important part in the downfall of the Soviet Union. His reforms such as Perestroika and Glasnost changed everything the previous leaders of the USSR aimed for. Gorbachev started Perestroika to help reconstruct the economy as at the time the economy was in a very bad shape due to the many years of collectivisation displayed in Demand for New International Economic Order. “In agriculture, decades of collectivised farming destroyed all incentives among the workforce; vast subsides kept food prices low but distorted the laws of supply and demand.” Another reform that changed the Soviet Union was Glasnost. Glasnost was a very different change for the Soviets because of the openness within the Soviet Union which the people had not experienced before. This is shown by Ashley Kannan. “The reforms and the mentality that Gorbachev brought into power from 1985 helped lead to the
Soviet Union’s breakup because it was a massive departure from the previous forty plus years of political leadership”. From a foreign perspective, the USSR’s collapse happened quickly rather than love a matter of time as stated in History Orb. “From the outside it seemed as if this great superpower self destructed in only three months”.
Realistically, the Soviet Union did fall over a longer period of time from the new reforms that Gorbachev introduced. The Soviets did not see the advantages of
Perestroika and Glasnost therefore did not support Gorbachev.
2.4 FOREIGN PERSPECTIVES
2.4.1 VIEW OF STALIN
Stalin is viewed in Russia as possibly the strongest leader of the Soviet Union. Although he killed millions of his own people the Russian’s still worship him because of his victory of the
World War II. This is displayed by History Today. “Yet, in spite of the millions who suffered and died as a result of his polices, Stalin has long been revered in Russia for leading the country to victory against the Nazis in the Great Patriotic War.” However, Stalin is viewed by some in the world as a horrendous leader and as being one of the most cruel leaders of all time. The author of History Today has a unsympathetic tone towards Stalin as he describes
Stalin’s leadership as ‘ruthless’. “His actions have often been referred to as crimes/genocide against humanity”. The author of South African History Online (South African perspective) also, like stated in History Today, has an unsympathetic tone towards Stalin. The sources both corroborate as they discuss the horrific decisions Stalin made as the dictator of the Soviet
Union.
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!5
2.4.2 VIEW OF GORBACHEV
Gorbachev is viewed by nearly all people around the world as a strong and intelligent political leader to the point of being a hero in Russian society. He did not support violence as did other Soviet Union leaders and focused on the Soviet Union’s future rather than the present.
Ilnitsky from Russia Beyond The Headlines can now see why he created Perestroika and Glasnost and understands that the needed change for the future to save the Soviet’s economy. “I did not have much respect for him during the 1980s and 1990s, but now I think I understand him, and now I have great respect for him as a person, and sympathy for him as a politician”.
Source 2 implies that it would have been very difficult in regards to Gorbachev making the new changes within the Soviet Union with the resulting resistance but Gorbachev understood the benefits of focusing on the future. “On the contrary, his is a heroic achievement, because
Machiavelli was right when he observed that nothing is more difficult than taking the lead in the introduction of a new order of things”. The Author of the book Gorbachev: Triumph and
Failure, Kaiser, worked at the Washington Post for more than 50 years and was employed as the editor (1991-1998) and the senior correspondent (1998-2014). Kaiser is the author/coauthor of eight political books and so it is noted that this is a reliable source. As time goes by more Russians are gradually beginning to understand and support his decisions although this has come 25yrs to late.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Although Mikhail Gorbachev and Joseph Stalin both led the Soviet Union differently they were both very powerful leaders. Stalin ruled through the killing of millions of his own people, collectivisation which led to famines and industrialisation which led to terrible working conditions. Even though Gorbachev is known for helping the downfall of the Soviet
Union through his reforms of Perestroika and Glasnost, he did it for the better of Russia.
Stalin used his power to create fear within his people while Gorbachev used his power to assist
Russia which eventually led to the downfall of the Soviet Union.
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!6
5.0 APPENDICIES
Appendix 1:
“Strengthen working discipline in collective farms” – Soviet propaganda poster issued in
Uzbekistan, 1933
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!7
6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brooman J., Stalin and the Soviet Union, Longman, 1991
Chauhan, S, 1997. Demand for New International Economic Order. M.D. Publications Pvt.
Ltd.
Conquest R. , Stalin: Breaker of Nations, Viking, 1991
Gorbachev and His Reforms - Chapter 39. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// whapch39.weebly.com/gorbachev-and-his-reforms.html. [Accessed 17 June 2015].
How did Gorbachev 's reforms lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union? eNotes.com. 2015.
[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-gorbachevsreforms-lead-breakup-soviet-176699. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
Lynch, M., Stalin and Khrushchev The USSR, 1924-64,Hodder & Stoughton, 1990
Mikhail Gorbachev – Russiapedia Leaders Prominent Russians. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/leaders/mikhail-gorbachev/. [Accessed 17
June 2015].
SparkNotes: Joseph Stalin: The Struggle for Power. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http:// www.sparknotes.com/biography/stalin/section6.rhtml. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
Stalin - a totalitarian dictator. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skwirk.com/pc_s-14_u-309_t-764_c-2869/stalin-a-totalitarian-dictator/nsw/history/investigating-history/ who-is-that-. [Accessed 1 June 2015]
Stalin Takes Power. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.johndclare.net/Russ9.htm.
[Accessed 1 June 2015].
Stalin 's use of terror - History of Russia - The Education Forum. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=1325. [Accessed 17 June
2015].
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!8
Stalinism and how Stalin used his power to change Marxism-Leninism | South African
History Online. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/stalinismgrade-11-south-african-history-online. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
Stalinism and how Stalin used his power to change Marxism-Leninism | South African
History Online. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/stalinismgrade-11-south-african-history-online. [Accessed 1 June 2015].
The Collapse of the Soviet Union | HistoryOrb.com. 2015. The Collapse of the Soviet
Union | HistoryOrb.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.historyorb.com/russia/ intro.php. [Accessed 17 June 2015].
White A., Russia and the USSR 1905- 1964, Collins Living History, 1995
Who is Gorbachev to you? | Russia Beyond The Headlines . 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://rbth.com/articles/2011/03/02/who_is_gorbachev_to_you_12516.html. [Accessed 17
June 2015].
MR MURPHY
MODERN HISTORY
!9