1730, there was a boom in population as a result of improved border policing, which, ultimately, led to a higher birth rate because of less diseases coming in (into plants, then to food, then to humans). Business families began to expand since they had more children. More people became part of the working class because inheritance no longer counted for a lot. These new, young workers were willing for new labor, including agriculture and manufacturing. With more domestic manufacturing, there was protoindustrialization, which led to capitalism in which merchants gave materials, work orders, and did the selling. People changed in their behavior, like villagers, who changed into urban clothes, which symbolized a new interest in product. Also, there was premarital sex, more kids out of marriage, and less authority in family (refusing inheritance no longer meant much). This led to more youth independence. Colonies began to rebel. Colonial leaders planned a new government with George Washington as their president in what would become the United States of America. The United States also created a new constitution based on Enlightenment ideals. This place had the most advanced rule in the world for a while but was somewhat socially behind because of existing slavery. Rebellions in France, like the French Revolution, changed France politically and dramatically. A bad economy as a result of bad harvests led to the final ingredient to sparking the revolution. A meeting was called with the traditional parliament. Enlightenment-influenced middle-class representatives called for a change—modernization of the parliament. This led to the ability to vote, leading to chaos. The king eventually gave up. The riot at Bastille during July 14 became a symbol of revolution in which peasants took manorial records and the aristocrats’ lands. They completely did away with manorialism, giving them the ability to have land and equality by law.
Aristocrats and the church were deprived of some rights and had property taken away. Maximilien Robespierre, a leader of radical times, came from a family of lawyers and became the leader of the king’s trial, in which he was guillotined. He allowed male suffrage, created a standardized metric system of weights and measures, as well as performed military drafting. This got rid of enemies and got new land at the Low Countries, Italy, and Germany, which, in turn, led to more revolutions. Napoleon Bonaparte, at 1799, changed the republic by turning it into an authoritarian empire. He allowed religious freedom, but he weakened the parliament, while police limited freedom. He deemed equality for men as well. Napoleon’s goal was to expand, resulting to plenty of battles versus Europe’s major powers, including Russia. Napoleon’s French armies died in the cold at Russia, and an alliance from Britain crushed the emperor. What Napoleon did spread all over Western Europe, giving equality and attacking things, like guilds, the church, and the aristocracy. The French defeated local government, like Germany and Italy, and defeat there led to inspiring
nationalism. Industrialization, which took place from 1770 and 1840, began in Britain in the 18th century with automatic machines. In the 1770s, James Watt made the steam engine, a spark for the Industrial Revolution. Many improvements were made at this time, as well as more innovations and inventions. Life became too boring apparently, leading to the excitement of war—World War I.