Alexander II set the development of a railwail bulding programm and a limited spread of factories. But Russia's economy was still not as well-developed as that in western Europe. So a real industrialisation took of in the reign of Alexander III and the help of Nicholas II's finance minsters Ivan Vyshnegradsky and Sergei Witte.…
5: Russia began Industrialization by abolishing serfdom and using the peasants as a workforce to work in the factories to produce new technology. It only changed economics in society because the former serfs were still treated like serfs.…
1. Russia overturned its conservative policies in many ways. Alexander II removed the serfdom. Cultural nationalism led to political demands and worried the state. Their lust to become as successful as the west led them to industrialize. The lower classes suffered greatly in this time period, and they demanded better living conditions. Since the serfdom was disestablished, the government gave them land, but they would only be able to leave if they paid off the debt on the land. Many things changed once communism took hold.…
Alexander ll was seen to be liberal in the early years of his reign as seen in the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861. This gave the Serfs more freedom and basic rights which at this time was a major liberal reform compared to the majority of the previous Tsars, this was by in large Alexander’s greatest reform. The emancipation, he hoped, would lead to greater agricultural output in order to finance the railways, and the beginning of the…
Huge changes came to Russia when the tsar Alexander II came to power. His reforms freed the serfs and industrialized the nation’s economy. In the past, Russian serfs were tied to the land and worked on the land for the land owners and received no pay. While they were permitted to have farms of their own, serfs had to work the lord’s land whenever called upon, even during times of harvest when their own crops need harvesting or tending. Due to Alexander II’s reforms, these serfs were freed. Once these serfs were freed, they either went into the city to look for work or out to the country to find land. Many also fled to surrounding societies to escape the Russian hardships of being a serf. Russian labor was also changed through Industrialization, also influenced by Alexander II’s reforms. Factories and railroads expanded and industries like coal, steel, and petroleum boomed. Serfs who were emancipated found easy work in factories that were booming. With new industries creating new jobs and plenty of freed serfs to take them, the Russian labor system greatly changed between 1750 and 1914.…
After the 1905 revolution Russia was in need of reforms both economically and politically, to allow it maintain its role of a great power and to prevent another revolution occurring the answer to this was the October Manifesto. However, due to the stubbornness of the Tsar who was determined not to relinquish his autocratic powers, what may have appeared as reforms were largely superficial making little change in particular to the Russian political system.…
Economically, Catherine tried to set up a system to eliminate trade barriers like taxes and tariffs. She also worked hard to build up the Russian middle class. She worked hard to build…
Sergei Witte was the Minister of Finance in Russia in from 1892 to 1903. He desperately wanted to bring Russia, metaphorically, ‘out of the dark ages’ by bringing it up to speed, so that it would eventually reach a level of modernisation where it could go head to head with the advanced countries further west. He believed Russia first needed to attain capital investment in the industrial sector, increase urban workers (Proletariat), attract foreign trade and develop greater train links to ease the possibility of further foreign trade.…
The Industrial Revolutions of Britain and Russia both focused on railroads. British railroads set off its industrial revolution. When James Watt created a more effective steam engine in 1765, who knew that this would become the center of railroads and more importantly Britain’s economy? These railroads were first used to transport raw materials, such as coal and iron ore, from the mines. Later on, railroads became available for public use in 1825. It was called the Stockton and Darlington Railroad. Similarly, Russia’s industrial revolution got going when the government built a railroad. Since Russia was still an empire, the tsar assembled a railroad to connect all the places inside the empire. The railroads were also constructed to allow Russians to indulge in their coal and iron deposits. The most popular railroad was the Trans-Siberian line, which linked Moscow and Vladivostok. Because of steam-engine railroads, the industrial revolutions of Britain and Russia began.…
Revolts were frequent, 1467 of them since 1800. Nicholas I saw this and created nine secret committees to find a way to end serfdom. Alexander II was part of one of those committees. He was also there to be the acting Tsar when Nicholas I was away. Therefore Alexander II was the most prepared heir to the Tsar the empire has ever had. Alexander made a very good start in change when he became Tsar. He stopped all army recruitment, which meant it was no longer forced to enter the army, nor was it a punishment for crimes. Applying for military was completely voluntary. Alexander also released all of the Decembrists, who are people who tried to overthrow his father in 1825 and the Poles, who revolted in 1830. He also lifted restrictions for travelling, 26,000 passports were granted in 1859. Allowing people to travel to Western Europe and learning more about liberal culture and allowing Russia to catch up with the rest of…
How successful were Alexander II’s reforms in strengthening the Tsarist regime in the years 1855 to 1881? (24 marks)…
Russia had to overcome a huge obstacles in order to industrialize, its immature transportation system. The poor system slowed down the spread of ideas, people, and materials thus barring Russian development. With the advancements made to the transportation system, Russia prevailed and began the road to industrialization (Ellis).…
Sergei Witte contributed massively to the industrial and economic expansion in Russia in the 1890s but only later on, after the economic trouble of 1901-1902 where 2400 firms closed, and during the “great spurt”(1892 did he make huge improvements. A major example of how Witte improved Russia’s industrial standing was the completion of the trans-Siberian railway in 1903 after its 10 year construction. It extended Russia’s railways from 30,000km in 1890 to 60,000km in 1904, and therefore Since the railway stretched across most of Russia, it allowed for resources in areas such as Siberia to be made use of since prior to its construction there was no way to reach them. This was reflected in the increasing production of coal, iron and oil, which all nearly tripled in-between 1900 and 1910. Communication between the central cities of Russia such as Baku, St. Petersburg and Moscow increased along with their populations due to people making use of the railway and migrating to the cities. Baku for example grew from 12 thousand people in 1897 to 211 thousand people, and due to it being the centre of oil production, oil output rose from 3.9 million tonnes to 9.7 in 1910. Witte therefore, through the Tran Siberian railway system drastically transformed Russia’s industry. Alongside this he had accomplishments in other areas such as the economy, for example in 1894 he managed to produce 30% of…
Alexander encouraged the development of trade and industry and imposed customs duties on imported goods to recover Russia's economy. He also introduced a higher degree of accounting in state finances, liquidating the budget deficit. During his rule industrial development increased and the construction of the Trans Siberian Railway began.…
In the other hand we have all the positives things. What respects economy the railways help the people. People could travel to big cities like Moscow or St Petersburg, and also it benefit because people could work there in the railway station or inside the train. Also the Great Spurt that was the spread of industry and the increase in production. It was a great time Russia was living and this was caused by the output of coal in the Ukraine and of oil in the Caucasus. In terms of politics, Almost all the Tsar wanted to modernize the two most important capitals, that were Moscow and St Petersburg…