How Environment Can Effect Enzymes Lab Report
Eileen Kirby
Professor Eischen
BIO-151
April 4, 2014
How Environment Can Effect Enzymes
Introduction:
In a chemical reaction there sometimes can be a catalyst present known as an enzyme. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction. By lowering the activation energy, more of the substrate is able to participate in the reaction, speeding it up. Enzymes are substrate specific. The substrate is what the enzyme bonds to. That is to say that enzyme A will only react with substrate A, enzyme B with substrate B and so on. The enzyme will bond to the substrate’s active site. When the substrate, or reactant and the enzyme bind the ending result is known as …show more content…
the product of the chemical reaction. While an enzyme speeds up a reaction, it is not necessary for a chemical reaction to take place. The reaction will still occur, but at a much slower rate. (Johnson) Considering that enzymes are proteins, they have tertiary structures. Certain factors can render this enzyme useless. These factors include, heat, pH and salinity. When enzymes have been denatured, their tertiary structures have been changed. These denatured enzymes will no longer fit into the active site of their correlating substrate. (Johnson)
There two parts to this experiment.
The first part of the experiment was broken into three sections. The first section showed the pH and color changes that an enzyme can create. It was predicted that when potato extract, the enzyme, was added to catechol, the substrate, an enzymatic reaction would occur. The second section of the experiment demonstrated enzyme specificity. It was predicted that potato extract, when hydroquinone was introduced, would not exhibit the characteristics of an enzymatic reaction. The third section of part one focused on whether or not concentration matters. It was predicted that the more enzyme the more intense the reaction. The second part of the experiment concentrated on the effects of pH and temperature on an enzymatic reaction. It was predicted that once a solution containing both a substrate and an enzyme reached a certain temperature or pH content, it would not facilitate a chemical …show more content…
reaction
Methods:
In part one, section one, one test tube had 10 drops of potato extract and ten drops catechol. A different test tube contained only ten drops of catechol for control purposes. After a period of five minutes two drops from each test tube were tested for their pH and recorded. Color change was also observed and recorded. In part one, section two, one test tube contained ten drops potato extract and ten drops hydroquinone. Another test tube contained only ten drops of hydroquinone as a control. After 5 minutes two drops from each test tube were tested for their pH and recorded. Color change was also observed and recorded. In part one, section three, 5 test tubes were labeled A-E.
Test Tube A contained 5 drops of distilled water, 10 drops of catechol and 5 drops of potato extract. Test Tube B contained 10 drops of distilled water, 5 drops of catechol, and 10 drops of potato extract. Test Tube C contained 5 drops of potato extract and 20 drops catechol. Test Tube D contained 5 drops of distilled water, 20 drops of potato extract and 5 drops of catechol. Test Tube E contained 10 drops potato extract, 4 drops of catechol and 2 drops of water. After 5 minutes two drops from each tube were tested for their pH and results recorded. Any color changes were also
recorded. In part two of the experiment two test tubes contained 15 drops of catechol. Ten test tubes contained 15 drops of catechol and 20 drops of potato extract. 5 of those test tubes (A-E) went into 5 separate water baths of varying temperatures. Tube A went into a 0 degree C water bath. Tube B went into a 20 degree C water bath. Tube C was placed in a 55 degree C water bath. Tube D was placed in an 85 degree C water bath. Tube E was placed in a 100 degree C water bath. We waited for each of the test tubes to reach their designated temperature plus 5 minutes. After that waiting period passed, two drops of each tube was tested for its pH and the results were recorded. Any color changes were also recorded. The remaining 5 tubes (1-5) had solutions of varying pH concentrations added to them. Tube 1 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 2 added to the existing solution of 15 drops of catechol and 20 drops of potato. Tube 2 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 5 added to the existing solution. Tube 3 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 8 added to the existing solution. Tube 4 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 10 added to the existing solution. Tube 5 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 12 added to the existing solution. After 5 minutes had passed, two drops from each test tube were tested for its pH and recorded. Any color changes were also recorded.
Results: In part one, section one, the un-catalyzed test tube did not exhibit any changes in color or pH. It started with a pH of 6 and ended with the same pH. The color started as clear and remained so after five minutes. The catalyzed test tube went from an initial pH of 6 and a clear color to a pH of 5 and an amber color after five minutes. In part one, section two, the test tube containing potato extract and hydroquinone did not have any changes to its pH or its color after five minutes. In part one, section three Tube A and Tube C both ended up with a pH of 6 and a color of yellow/amber after five minutes. Tubes B and E ended up with a pH of 6 and a rosy/peach color. Tube D ended up with a pH of 7 and a rosy peach color. In part two the control tubes had a pH of 6 and a color of off white. Tubes A-C all had a pH of 6 and a color of orange brown after the waiting period. Tubes D had a pH of 5 and a peachy/grey color after the waiting period. Tube E had a pH of 6 and a peachy/gray color after the waiting period. Tube 1 had a pH of 4.5 and a peachy color. Tube 2 had a pH of 6 and a light brown color. Tube 3 had a pH of 8 and an orange/brown color. Tubes 4 and 5 both had a pH of 9 and a forest green color when agitated and a brown color when left to sit.
Table 1 Effects of Potato Extract on Catechol and Hydroquinone
Table 2 Effects of Concentration on pH Levels and Color
Figure 1
Figure 2
Works Cited
Johnson, Michael D. "Properties of Enzymes Parts I and II." Symbiosis: The Pearson Custom Library for the Biological Sciences. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2013. 45-50. Print. Onondaga Community College General Biology I (BIO 151).
Professor Eischen
BIO-151
April 4, 2014
How Environment Can Effect Enzymes
Introduction:
In a chemical reaction there sometimes can be a catalyst present known as an enzyme. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction. By lowering the activation energy, more of the substrate is able to participate in the reaction, speeding it up. Enzymes are substrate specific. The substrate is what the enzyme bonds to. That is to say that enzyme A will only react with substrate A, enzyme B with substrate B and so on. The enzyme will bond to the substrate’s active site. When the substrate, or reactant and the enzyme bind the ending result is known as …show more content…
the product of the chemical reaction. While an enzyme speeds up a reaction, it is not necessary for a chemical reaction to take place. The reaction will still occur, but at a much slower rate. (Johnson) Considering that enzymes are proteins, they have tertiary structures. Certain factors can render this enzyme useless. These factors include, heat, pH and salinity. When enzymes have been denatured, their tertiary structures have been changed. These denatured enzymes will no longer fit into the active site of their correlating substrate. (Johnson)
There two parts to this experiment.
The first part of the experiment was broken into three sections. The first section showed the pH and color changes that an enzyme can create. It was predicted that when potato extract, the enzyme, was added to catechol, the substrate, an enzymatic reaction would occur. The second section of the experiment demonstrated enzyme specificity. It was predicted that potato extract, when hydroquinone was introduced, would not exhibit the characteristics of an enzymatic reaction. The third section of part one focused on whether or not concentration matters. It was predicted that the more enzyme the more intense the reaction. The second part of the experiment concentrated on the effects of pH and temperature on an enzymatic reaction. It was predicted that once a solution containing both a substrate and an enzyme reached a certain temperature or pH content, it would not facilitate a chemical …show more content…
reaction
Methods:
In part one, section one, one test tube had 10 drops of potato extract and ten drops catechol. A different test tube contained only ten drops of catechol for control purposes. After a period of five minutes two drops from each test tube were tested for their pH and recorded. Color change was also observed and recorded. In part one, section two, one test tube contained ten drops potato extract and ten drops hydroquinone. Another test tube contained only ten drops of hydroquinone as a control. After 5 minutes two drops from each test tube were tested for their pH and recorded. Color change was also observed and recorded. In part one, section three, 5 test tubes were labeled A-E.
Test Tube A contained 5 drops of distilled water, 10 drops of catechol and 5 drops of potato extract. Test Tube B contained 10 drops of distilled water, 5 drops of catechol, and 10 drops of potato extract. Test Tube C contained 5 drops of potato extract and 20 drops catechol. Test Tube D contained 5 drops of distilled water, 20 drops of potato extract and 5 drops of catechol. Test Tube E contained 10 drops potato extract, 4 drops of catechol and 2 drops of water. After 5 minutes two drops from each tube were tested for their pH and results recorded. Any color changes were also
recorded. In part two of the experiment two test tubes contained 15 drops of catechol. Ten test tubes contained 15 drops of catechol and 20 drops of potato extract. 5 of those test tubes (A-E) went into 5 separate water baths of varying temperatures. Tube A went into a 0 degree C water bath. Tube B went into a 20 degree C water bath. Tube C was placed in a 55 degree C water bath. Tube D was placed in an 85 degree C water bath. Tube E was placed in a 100 degree C water bath. We waited for each of the test tubes to reach their designated temperature plus 5 minutes. After that waiting period passed, two drops of each tube was tested for its pH and the results were recorded. Any color changes were also recorded. The remaining 5 tubes (1-5) had solutions of varying pH concentrations added to them. Tube 1 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 2 added to the existing solution of 15 drops of catechol and 20 drops of potato. Tube 2 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 5 added to the existing solution. Tube 3 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 8 added to the existing solution. Tube 4 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 10 added to the existing solution. Tube 5 had 15 drops of a solution with a pH of 12 added to the existing solution. After 5 minutes had passed, two drops from each test tube were tested for its pH and recorded. Any color changes were also recorded.
Results: In part one, section one, the un-catalyzed test tube did not exhibit any changes in color or pH. It started with a pH of 6 and ended with the same pH. The color started as clear and remained so after five minutes. The catalyzed test tube went from an initial pH of 6 and a clear color to a pH of 5 and an amber color after five minutes. In part one, section two, the test tube containing potato extract and hydroquinone did not have any changes to its pH or its color after five minutes. In part one, section three Tube A and Tube C both ended up with a pH of 6 and a color of yellow/amber after five minutes. Tubes B and E ended up with a pH of 6 and a rosy/peach color. Tube D ended up with a pH of 7 and a rosy peach color. In part two the control tubes had a pH of 6 and a color of off white. Tubes A-C all had a pH of 6 and a color of orange brown after the waiting period. Tubes D had a pH of 5 and a peachy/grey color after the waiting period. Tube E had a pH of 6 and a peachy/gray color after the waiting period. Tube 1 had a pH of 4.5 and a peachy color. Tube 2 had a pH of 6 and a light brown color. Tube 3 had a pH of 8 and an orange/brown color. Tubes 4 and 5 both had a pH of 9 and a forest green color when agitated and a brown color when left to sit.
Table 1 Effects of Potato Extract on Catechol and Hydroquinone
Table 2 Effects of Concentration on pH Levels and Color
Figure 1
Figure 2
Works Cited
Johnson, Michael D. "Properties of Enzymes Parts I and II." Symbiosis: The Pearson Custom Library for the Biological Sciences. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2013. 45-50. Print. Onondaga Community College General Biology I (BIO 151).