Microbiology Study Guide Unit 2
Define metabolism:
The sum of all biological chemical reactions inside a cell or organism
Differences in catabolism and anabolism:
Catabolism is an enzyme-regulated chemical reaction that releases energy. Complex organic compounds such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids are broken down into simpler ones. The energy of catabolic reactions is used to drive the anabolic reactions.
Anabolism is also enzyme regulated but requires energy for taking the simpler broken down components from the catabolism phase and building them into complex molecules such as starch, proteins and lipids
What is the role of ATP?
ATP is the driving force for catabolic and anabolic reactions. ATP stores energy that is produced from the catabolic reactions which is later released to drive the anabolic reaction and other cellular work.
ATP is stored energy in cells (phosphate groups held together by high energy reacting bonds)
ATP is required for synthesis and some of the energy is given off as heat
What are enzymes and their components?
Enzymes are biological catalysts (substances that speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being permanently altered)
Components:
Apoenzyme is the protein portion of an enzyme. Inactive by themselves, must be activated by cofactors
Cofactor- non protein portion (IE: ions of iron, zinc, magnesium and calcium) ****If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a coenzyme
Holoenzyme- The apoenzyme+cofactor forms the holoenzyme. It is the active enzyme. If you remove the cofactor, the apoenzyme will not function.
**Cofactors may assist the enzyme by accepting atoms removed from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate. (Substrate=the specific substance that an enzyme will act on)
**The crucial function of enzymes is to speed up biochemical reactions at temperatures that are compatible with the normal functioning of the cell.
What are metabolic pathways?
The sequence of enzyme catalyzed chemical
The sum of all biological chemical reactions inside a cell or organism
Differences in catabolism and anabolism:
Catabolism is an enzyme-regulated chemical reaction that releases energy. Complex organic compounds such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids are broken down into simpler ones. The energy of catabolic reactions is used to drive the anabolic reactions.
Anabolism is also enzyme regulated but requires energy for taking the simpler broken down components from the catabolism phase and building them into complex molecules such as starch, proteins and lipids
What is the role of ATP?
ATP is the driving force for catabolic and anabolic reactions. ATP stores energy that is produced from the catabolic reactions which is later released to drive the anabolic reaction and other cellular work.
ATP is stored energy in cells (phosphate groups held together by high energy reacting bonds)
ATP is required for synthesis and some of the energy is given off as heat
What are enzymes and their components?
Enzymes are biological catalysts (substances that speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being permanently altered)
Components:
Apoenzyme is the protein portion of an enzyme. Inactive by themselves, must be activated by cofactors
Cofactor- non protein portion (IE: ions of iron, zinc, magnesium and calcium) ****If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a coenzyme
Holoenzyme- The apoenzyme+cofactor forms the holoenzyme. It is the active enzyme. If you remove the cofactor, the apoenzyme will not function.
**Cofactors may assist the enzyme by accepting atoms removed from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate. (Substrate=the specific substance that an enzyme will act on)
**The crucial function of enzymes is to speed up biochemical reactions at temperatures that are compatible with the normal functioning of the cell.
What are metabolic pathways?
The sequence of enzyme catalyzed chemical