In Powerful Ideas, An Introduction to Philosophy, aesthetics means "coming from the senses" which is a derivitive of the Greek word, aisthetikos (241). David Hume's believed that emotions are significant in both aesthetics and ethics. In addition, he stated that aesthetics involves both contemplation and judgment. He strongly believes that not everyone is suitable or qualify to judge art.…
Even though he had classified justice as one of the artifial virtues, he later identifies it, along with benevolence, as a social virtue. He argues that although benevolence is necessary for self-enjoyment, it cannot be reduced entirely to self-interest as the Hobbesians think but tends rather to promote social welfare. While benevolence is an original principle in human nature, justice is not. The need for rules of justice is not universal. It arises only under conditions of relative scarcity, where property has to be regulated to preserve order in society. For Hume the language of morality implies some sentiment common to all mankind, which recommends the same object for general approval. It also implies some universal and comprehensive…
Hume’s version of empiricism begins with his distinction between analytic propositions “relationship of ideas,” which he considers to be a priori and true by definition, and synthetic propositions, which he considers to be a posteriori (“matters of fact”), and which are opposite of analytic propositions because they’re derived from our senses.…
Back in Hume’s time, there were mainly three schools of thought regarding the nature of morality. This debate was initiated by Thomas Hobbes’ view that moral obligations and duties came from self-regarding motives. In response to Thomas Hobbes’ argument, there are two schools of thought, namely rationalism and sentimentalism. Rationalists such as Samuel Clarke argued that morality could be explained by pure reason , and acting morally is just the same as acting rationally. Hume is on the side of the sentimentalists, as he rejects reason as the basis of morality . Hume argues, rather, that it is our moral sentiments that serve as the basis of moral approvals and disapprovals . In Hume’s picture, each action produces certain feelings in the recipients, be it pain or pleasure, and it is through sympathizing with the recipients which we have an impression of the resulting pain or pleasure in the recipients, and thus approve of or disapprove of the active person’s character trait which led to the action.…
David Hume insightful work, titled An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, delves into the topic of belief VS fiction. According to Hume, belief can be described as “matters of fact derived from objects, memories, or customary conjunctions” (Hume 30). However, fiction can be described as judgments based on the imagination (Hume 32). Belief is based on impressions and past experiences. Fiction is a concoction of various factors that someone has yet to experience; therefore, it can be described as imagination.…
One of the most recognized critiques of Aquinas is David Hume, who addressed the argument from design in his work Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Hume began by summarizing Aquinas' logic, and the many alterations that followed. Essentially, Hume argued that attributing design in the natural universe to an intelligent creator is flawed in two ways. First, he uses to analogy of a house to discredit Aquinas' inferences.…
David Hume is a renowned Philosopher that has shaped the ideas of cause and effect (causality) as we know them today. He suggested that true cause and effect relationship has to be the result of A causing B. The occurrence of B happening is contingent on the fact that A occurs before B, thus causing B to happen. Since he holds that this is the only rational way to conclude that one thing causes another to happen, he goes as far as to say that human beings will never know the exact cause that takes place in order for B to be the result. Hume comes to this conclusion because he maintains that there are secrete causes that cannot be observed by the human eye, thus it is impossible for humans to rationally conclude that one thing caused another…
Sympathy, under Hume’s definition, clearly varies in terms of degree with the different connections the objects of sympathy have with us: we are more able to sympathize with a person close to us than with an indifferent stranger, and we sympathize more readily with our compatriot than with a person from another country with a different color of skin, as implied by the principle of association of ideas. Moral evaluations, on contrary, should not vary with the relationships the person, whose character trait is being evaluated, has with us. It is therefore counterintuitive for Hume to have his account of morality based on sympathy, which apparently possesses such a biased character. When two persons, with different relationships with us, share…
Hume believes the root of morality is emotion. He believes emotions, or passions, as he calls them, are the driving force behind our actions. Hume believes that how we feel about things determines what we determine is moral or immoral. There is no logical reason for keeping one’s promises if there is no benefit to you. However, we as a people have decided that keeping one’s word is moral because we would like someone to do that for us. We keep our promises because we want people to think kindly of us. There is no logic behind it, but there is emotion. Even when there is nothing to be gained for us by keeping our promises, we still maintain its moral to keep them because of how it makes us feel. This means, even when it is illogical to do something, if we feel it is moral, we should do it. Reason is not enough to change how we behave. It can give us some direction but it cannot compel us to do…
Morality is the human attempt to define what is right and wrong pertaining to our actions and thoughts. Conferring to C.S. Lewis, he describes the behavior on three levels: First is to certify fair play and agreement between persons; second is to help make us better people in order to have a decent civilization; and the third is to keep us in a good connection with the control that created us. We can become moral by ourselves by expanding those things that can help us pursue our dreams and by believing in ourselves which give us a motivation. What motivates our life is the mind behind the physical things. What motivates the mind is the being that permeates everything.…
The second of Hume’s points is that the causal principle is doubtful. His evidence for this is that we can conceive of things without a cause therefore things without a cause are possible this is also backed up by Mackie who says that the causal principle has no evidence and only exists in a methodological sense. However this argument also has severe faults that discredit it. If the arguments from causality are questionable then that means that the arguments from conceivability are questionable as well. This could also mean that a logically necessary truth could be conceived as false if you don’t completely understand it. This opens the problem that just because something is logically possible then that doesn’t mean it could happen in the real world. This basically disables Hume’s ideas on non-causal…
While many rationalists such as René Descartes support the notion that the concept of Inception is not possible, empiricists such as David Hume may think differently. Hume was an eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher known for his system of radical and philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. In one of his works, Hume stated that one cannot create completely new ideas without either prior knowledge of those ideas, or experiencing those ideas. Put differently, he believed that the ideas of an individual are derived or inspired by other ideas that the individual has observed, because there is no such thing as an “original idea.” Taking Hume’s theory into account, in the movie Inception, the protagonist Dom Cobb teaches his new architect, Ariadne, how dreaming works. In their shared dream, Ariadne comes across Dom’s wife, Mal. While this…
2.) The moral goodness of acts (and their agents) is determined by the nature of those acts that reason…
He says that when we think about a wound, we automatically think about the pain it can cause. This is the idea of cause and affect. Hume thinks that impressions or beliefs are more firm, lively, forcible and steady. Belief and fiction are the same concept in his mind.…
Moral judgements have historically been thought to occur outside of conscious control and be emotionally driven (Freud, 1976). Empirical data shows humans to make judgements in milliseconds, even before giving the decision conscious thought (Willis & Todorov, 2006). Furthermore, Hume (1777/1960) proposed that moral judgements are largely influenced by ‘gut feelings’ as research showed individuals to have an automatic feeling of approval or disapproval when making a moral judgement. Albeit only in ‘hypnotisable’ participants, Wheatley and Haidt (2005) furthered this by inducing feelings of disgust and found this lead to more judgements of the action in a moral transgression being morally wrong, supporting the suggestion that moral judgements…