Hypertension: Coronary Heart Disease

Hypertension (HTN) is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and account the single most important risk factors for stroke, affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide and is considered as one of the top global risk factor for mortality (Kearney et al 2005). The incidence of HTN rises with increasing age; indeed, the greater of elderly people have high blood pressure (BP) (Franklin 2006). Suggesting that an individual with normal BP older than 50 years of age, the probability during the next 2 decades become a hypertensive patient (Vasan et al 2002). High blood pressure in elderly people becomes a more significant predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease. High BP attributed in almost 13.5 % of the total global mortality (Lawes et
Increasing exercise capacity and CRF in healthy normotensive individuals reduce the risk of hypertension (Chase et al 2009). However, moderate and high exercise capacity is associated with lower mortality risk in elderly men with hypertension (Faselin et al 2014). Furthermore, a chronic health condition associated with aging might limit the ability of the older individual to achieve exercise capacity. However, the regular exercise recommended as prevention, treatment, and control of primary and secondary hypertension (Pescatello et al 2004, ACSM 2004). There is an inverse association between exercise capacity and incidence of CVD. Exercise by various mechanisms, including improvement in endothelial function, reduction in arterial stiffness and decrease in sympathetic neural activity could be effective in the cardiovascular protective (Guimara˜es et al
Arterial stiffness increased with advancing age in healthy individuals and has been associated with hypertension (Laurent et al 2001). Arterial stiffness, reduced after HIIT in the elderly individual hypertensive (Guimara˜es et al 2010). Aging impairs balance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction by reducing expression of eNOS protein and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increases endothelin-1 (ET-1) (Tanabe et al 2003). Study have been shown that aerobic exercise training reduction arterial stiffness in elderly and middle-age healthy individuals by increase apelin, whereas aerobic exercise training not be altered blood pressure (Fuji et al 2014). Clinical evidence suggests that apelin levels are lower in CVD patient, such as hypertension (Przewlocka-Kosmala et al 2011). Apelin through a mechanism that involves NO, cause vasodilation and decrease blood pressure (Ishida et al 2004). However, exercise training increases expression and concentration of apelin in the aorta hypertensive rats (Zhang et al