Indian Literature
Indian literature
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Indian literature, writings of the Indian subcontinent, produced there in a variety of languages, including Sanskrit, Prākrit, Pāli, Bengali, Bihārī, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, Rajāsthānī, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Sindhi.
A brief treatment of Indian literature follows. For full treatment, see South Asian Arts: Literature.
The earliest Indian literature took the form of the canonical Hindu sacred writings, known as the Veda, which were written in Sanskrit. To the Veda were added prose commentaries such as the Brāhmaṇas and the Upaniṣhads. The production of Sanskrit literature extended from about 1400 bc to ad 1200 and reached its height of development in the 1st to 7th centuries ad. In addition to sacred and philosophical writings, such genres as erotic and devotional lyrics, court poetry, plays, and narrative folktales emerged.
Because Sanskrit was identified with the Brahminical religion of the Vedas, reform movements such as Buddhism and Jainism adopted other literary languages, e.g., Pāli and Ardhamāgadhī, respectively. Out of these and other derivative languages there evolved the modern languages of northern India. Theliterature of those languages depended largely on the ancient Indian background, which includes the Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa, the Krishna story as told in the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, the other Puranic legends, and the fable anthologies. In addition, the Sanskrit philosophies were the source of philosophical writing in the later literatures, and the Sanskrit schools of rhetoric were of great importance for the development of court poetry in many of the modern literatures. The South Indian language of Tamil is an exception to this pattern of Sanskrit influence because it had a classical tradition of its own. Urdu and Sindhi are other exceptions, having arisen out of an Islāmic background.
Article Free Pass * Introduction * Related * Contributors & Bibliography
Indian literature, writings of the Indian subcontinent, produced there in a variety of languages, including Sanskrit, Prākrit, Pāli, Bengali, Bihārī, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, Rajāsthānī, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Sindhi.
A brief treatment of Indian literature follows. For full treatment, see South Asian Arts: Literature.
The earliest Indian literature took the form of the canonical Hindu sacred writings, known as the Veda, which were written in Sanskrit. To the Veda were added prose commentaries such as the Brāhmaṇas and the Upaniṣhads. The production of Sanskrit literature extended from about 1400 bc to ad 1200 and reached its height of development in the 1st to 7th centuries ad. In addition to sacred and philosophical writings, such genres as erotic and devotional lyrics, court poetry, plays, and narrative folktales emerged.
Because Sanskrit was identified with the Brahminical religion of the Vedas, reform movements such as Buddhism and Jainism adopted other literary languages, e.g., Pāli and Ardhamāgadhī, respectively. Out of these and other derivative languages there evolved the modern languages of northern India. Theliterature of those languages depended largely on the ancient Indian background, which includes the Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa, the Krishna story as told in the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, the other Puranic legends, and the fable anthologies. In addition, the Sanskrit philosophies were the source of philosophical writing in the later literatures, and the Sanskrit schools of rhetoric were of great importance for the development of court poetry in many of the modern literatures. The South Indian language of Tamil is an exception to this pattern of Sanskrit influence because it had a classical tradition of its own. Urdu and Sindhi are other exceptions, having arisen out of an Islāmic background.
Bibliography: See M. Bloomfield, The Religion of the Veda (1908, repr. 1973); A. B. Keith, The ... * Johan Huizinga - Huizinga, Johan Huizinga, Johan , 1872–1945, Dutch historian. He began his academic career in ... Indian literature, world literature March 17th, 2012