The United States Pledge of Allegiance is an honorable and commendable mantra. It concludes with, “one nation under God, indivisible with liberty and justice for all.” Justice in the former reference is inclusive for everyone, an entitlement, granted upon birth. John Rawls position of justice is that “everyone should be treated equally and as fair as possible”. Mr. Rawls position parallels the Egalitarian theory of equality and mutual respect. This isn’t necessarily the practice because contrary to the hope for multiple factors are factored in to the outcome.…
In his book, Hatzenbuehler’s conception of inequalities is premised on historical injustices and oppressive regimes as well as laws. His views on social inequalities and distributive justices are highly influenced by Robert Nozick’s entitlement theory in his book entitled “Anarchy, State, and Utopia”. In the modern world, social inequalities have become a major concern for the international community. For instance, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) requires nations to use the Core Minimum Approach in addressing social inequalities, especially those falling under the broad spectrum of social and economic rights. The effect of biases in the process of nurturing a “Virtuous Citizenry” is that they cause hostilities and anti-social behaviors like corruption that are inimical to the development of a nation.…
Theories of justice are also referred to in the article. These theories utilize concepts by John Rawls which include ideas on how to “create an environment of opportunity and access by all to the most comprehensive range of prospects” (Colin, 2012, p. 444). This theory can lead to a society where individuals are given opportunities to succeed.…
Opposing John Rawls’ difference principle is Robert Nozick, who questions the government’s responsibility to exercise the difference principle. Nozick’s believe is that the difference principle is unjust and commences his argument of a just society, through his entitlement theory, by contemplating the process of property ownership. In doing so, Nozick embraces John Locke’s position through the “Just Original Acquisition” principle. According to Locke, the “Just Original Acquisition” bases the ownership of property on two requisites in order to properly claim ownership of property. The first requisite is that the particular piece of interest must be previously unclaimed or unowned and the second requisite is that some sort of labor must be accomplished in order to properly take claim ownership of property. Upon meeting the previously mentioned requisites and respecting the Lockean proviso (leave as good as and enough for others), the ownership claim for property is considered just.…
We have identified one of the central themes in sociology to be the question of who does what (labor) and who gets what (distribution of the surplus created through labor). The idea of private property and the social institutions that emerge to define and defend the right to private property, play a role in the development of inequality and stratification in society. The discussion of property, property rights, and inequality has a long history, filled with diverse arguments, ideas, and diagnoses. Below is a sampling of quotes capturing a range of perspectives on the subject:…
There are also those who argue that the mini al state is too small and dos not facilitate the redistribution of resources and as such cannot address inequalities between citizens. The too small argument follows that if some people have more wealth than others do, those who lack resources will have an unjust limit of living good lives. Nozick’s reply is that this kind of distributive justice is unjust. The resources are not initially distributes and are acquired or created by individuals who can exchange them. Therefore, any distribution by the state would be redistribution, which would violate the rights of the individuals. To replace this account of distributive justice, Nozick provides the entitlement theory where he argues that for any possession of property to be just it must have been acquired through a just means. This argument advances the position held by Locke that individuals are entitled to claim property rights in free resources when they mix the resources with their labor. The transfer of the property must also be just and voluntary. If the current property holder created the property or received the property through a just transfer then they are entitled to the property. If all the individuals in a society are entitled to the property they hold then the distribution of property is just and any forcible redistribution would be unjust. Justice does not demand redistribution but demands respecting the distribution that exists when the conditions of the entitlement theory…
John Rawls bases his Theory of Justice on the intuitive conviction that justice as fairness is the first virtue of social institutions. He argues that in order to ensure fair distributions of advantages in society, a workable set of principles are required in order to determine how institutions ought to distribute rights and duties and to establish a clear way to address competing claims to social advantages. The second principle that Rawls develops stipulates that economic and social inequalities are justifiable so long as the requirements of fair equality of opportunity have been met and if they benefit the worst off in society. Rawls argues that the requirement of improving the conditions of the worst off, known as the Difference Principle,…
“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” An act of inequity for some could result in inequality for all, unless citizens of the world do something about it. A current example of inequality for one would be how females are being treated compared to males in a variety of settings. People of color and different races are another example of people receiving unequal treatment. Throughout the world, inequality can be seen through those who are less fortunate than others. Every individual regardless of gender, race, and socioeconomic status deserves the right of freedom and justice.…
A just society should be one that leads to progression and protects an individual's rights and freedoms. In this paper I will take Rawls position that we would create a more just society by creating a minimum standard of living for everyone. One of the main points presented in Nozick’s theory is that redistribution is wrong because it is unjust to steal resources that were justly earned from one person and to give it to someone else. In principle Nozick is correct that redistribution is unjust in the sense that we are taking resources from one person to give to another, however, Nozick’s view doesn’t account for the fact that people aren’t born with equal opportunity so without redistribution it results in a hierarchy that keeps increasing.…
Over the years America’s inequality income gap has been growing, between the rich and the poor. There are many reasons why this is happening. Andrew Carnegie, John Kenneth Galbraith and Joseph Stiglitz may agree with me, but believe there are different reasons why and how it should be dealt with. I would have to say that I agree that Galbraith’s idea is what is better for America now.…
Income inequality in America has become a big issue, one that many of us hear every day; whether on the news or from our parents. But normally, we don’t hear the actual phrase used. We hear things like “the top two percent,” or, the “rich vs. the poor.” So, what is income inequality? Income inequality is defined as the difference between individuals or populations in the distribution of their assets, wealth, or income.…
It provides people more than just the basic human rights, but it also provides many individual rights that are independent of what Locke and Nozick proposed. For example, everyone is guaranteed a wage in which they can live on from the government. Rawl believed that this type of economic distribution of wealth would provide a clear positioning into a just society. While the wealthy would not like the idea of losing their money, the idea of the Veil of Ignorance come into play. If the rules were decided without the preconception of how wealth distribution would affect a certain individual, it would beneficial for them to support it because they would have the possibility to benefit from the action (Revel 7.10.2).…
In today's generation so much inequality is occurring. Inequality in race, disability, gender, wealth, economics, and religious beliefs. What is inequality? Inequality is having difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc. ; lack of equality. When inequality occurs it could be very serious depending on what it is for. Inequality happens everywhere, sometimes so bad, no body realizes it. Everyone is different in what they think and or believe, and that should be exceptional to every human. But, there are also ways people live to agree with each other in. Inequality has made a difference in the way people see other people, inequality in race, disabilities, religious beliefs, economics, and religious beliefs.…
What do you think the book definition of equality is? Do you think of a math equation or equality between people? This is the definition I got from a dictionary from the school library. “e·qual·i·ty, noun, a symbolic expression of the fact that two quantities are equal; an equation.” Is that what equality means to you? What about jobs, beliefs, and racial equality? We have all these privileges because of our dedicated Veterans.…
When thinking of global inequality, one thinks of the racial segregation that they come across when they travel to different countries and are in the presents of different cultures and societies. It's not just racial segregation, but religious oppressions and sexist beliefs that come from various cultures and countries. In some countries it is illegal to smoke marijuana, in other's it's not; in some countries a women can not be seen standing in public without the presence of a man beside her, where in another country such a rule would be considered absurd. These laws are based on social norms and cultures, which lead to global inequalities.…