Interpersonal Reconstitution
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
The body is more than the sum of it’s parts. This holds as a granite truth
more than ever , as knowledge about the origins , nature and purpose of human
beings expand, discovered and re –discovered. Human beings can also be
considered as a concrete example of an open system. An open system reacts
and adjusts itself to the environment.
Betty Neuman (Neuman & Fawcett ,2002) , a community health nurse and
clinical psychologist, developed a model based on the individuals relationship to
stress , the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.
Reconstitution is the state of adaption to stressors.
Neuman used Selye’s definition of stress, which is the …show more content…
nonspecific
response to the body to any demand made on it. Stress increases the demand
for re-adjustment. This demand is nonspecific demand for activity. Stressors are
the tension-producing stimuli that result in stress; this maybe positive or negative
Neuman (1995; Neuman & Fawcett, 2002) adhered to the metaparadigm
concepts and has developed numerous additional concepts for her model.
Person. A “client / client system, as a composite of variables (physiological,
psychological sociocultural developmental, and spiritual), each of which is
a subpart of all parts …forms the whole of the client… a basic structure of
protective concentric rings, for retention attainment or maintenance of system
stability and integrity”.
Five person variable or subsystems:
• Physiological- Refer of the physicochemical structure and function of the body. • Psychological- Refers to mental processes and emotions.
• Socio-cultural- Refers to relationships; and social/cultural
expectations and activities.
• Spiritual- Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
• Developmental- Refers to those processes related to development
over the lifespan.
ENVIRONMENT. Composed of both internal and external forces surrounding the
client, influencing and being influenced by the client at any point in time, and an
open system.
HEALTH. Defined as a “continuum; wellness and illness are at opposites
ends…”. Variances from wellness or varying degrees of system instability are
caused by stressors invasion of normal line of defense.
NURSING. The major concern is to maintain client system stability through
accurately assessing environmental and other stressors and assisting in client
adjustments to maintain optimal wellness.
Neuman categorizes stressors as intrapersonal stressors those that
occur within an individual; interpersonal stressor those that occur between
individuals and extrapersonal stressor those that occur outside the person. The
individuals reaction to stressors depends on the strength of the line of defense.
When the line of defense fail, the resulting reaction depends on the strength of
the line of resistance. As part of the reaction, a person’s system can adapt to a
stressor, an effect known as reconstitution. Nursing interventions focus on
retaining or maintaining system stability. The interventions are carried out on
three preventive levels.
Neuman adapts the concept of levels of prevention from Caplan’s
conceptual model and relates these prevention levels to nursing. Primary
prevention is used to protect the organism before it encounters a harmful
stressor reducing the possibility of encountering the stressor or strengthening
the organism to decrease it’s reaction to stressor. Secondary
prevention
attempts to reduce the effect or possible effects of stressors through early
diagnosis and effective treatment of symptoms. Tertiary prevention attempts to
the residual stressor effects after treatment.
1966, Virginia Henderson’s definition of the unique junction of nursing
was a major stepping stone in the emergence of nursing as a discipline separate
from medicine. Like Nightingale, Henderson describes nursing on relation to the
client and the client’s environment. Unlike Nightingale, Henderson sees the nurse
as concerned with both healthy and ill individuals.
Henderson conceptualizes the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy
individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs:
• Breathe normally.
• Eat and drink adequately.
• Eliminate body wastes.
• Move and maintain desirable postures.
• Sleep and rest.
• Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
• Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment
• Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument
• Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
• Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
• Worship according to one’s faith.
• Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
• Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
• Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.
The first 9 components are physiological. The tenth and fourteenth are psychological aspects of communicating and learning The eleventh component is spiritual and moral. The twelfth and thirteenth components are sociologically oriented to occupation and recreation.
In 1971, Joyce Travelbee declared, “a nurse does not only seek to alleviate pain or render physical care – she ministers to the whole person. The existence of suffering whether physical, mental, or spiritual is the proper concern of the nurse”.
The body is more than the sum of it’s parts. This holds as a granite truth
more than ever , as knowledge about the origins , nature and purpose of human
beings expand, discovered and re –discovered. Human beings can also be
considered as a concrete example of an open system. An open system reacts
and adjusts itself to the environment.
Betty Neuman (Neuman & Fawcett ,2002) , a community health nurse and
clinical psychologist, developed a model based on the individuals relationship to
stress , the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.
Reconstitution is the state of adaption to stressors.
Neuman used Selye’s definition of stress, which is the …show more content…
nonspecific
response to the body to any demand made on it. Stress increases the demand
for re-adjustment. This demand is nonspecific demand for activity. Stressors are
the tension-producing stimuli that result in stress; this maybe positive or negative
Neuman (1995; Neuman & Fawcett, 2002) adhered to the metaparadigm
concepts and has developed numerous additional concepts for her model.
Person. A “client / client system, as a composite of variables (physiological,
psychological sociocultural developmental, and spiritual), each of which is
a subpart of all parts …forms the whole of the client… a basic structure of
protective concentric rings, for retention attainment or maintenance of system
stability and integrity”.
Five person variable or subsystems:
• Physiological- Refer of the physicochemical structure and function of the body. • Psychological- Refers to mental processes and emotions.
• Socio-cultural- Refers to relationships; and social/cultural
expectations and activities.
• Spiritual- Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
• Developmental- Refers to those processes related to development
over the lifespan.
ENVIRONMENT. Composed of both internal and external forces surrounding the
client, influencing and being influenced by the client at any point in time, and an
open system.
HEALTH. Defined as a “continuum; wellness and illness are at opposites
ends…”. Variances from wellness or varying degrees of system instability are
caused by stressors invasion of normal line of defense.
NURSING. The major concern is to maintain client system stability through
accurately assessing environmental and other stressors and assisting in client
adjustments to maintain optimal wellness.
Neuman categorizes stressors as intrapersonal stressors those that
occur within an individual; interpersonal stressor those that occur between
individuals and extrapersonal stressor those that occur outside the person. The
individuals reaction to stressors depends on the strength of the line of defense.
When the line of defense fail, the resulting reaction depends on the strength of
the line of resistance. As part of the reaction, a person’s system can adapt to a
stressor, an effect known as reconstitution. Nursing interventions focus on
retaining or maintaining system stability. The interventions are carried out on
three preventive levels.
Neuman adapts the concept of levels of prevention from Caplan’s
conceptual model and relates these prevention levels to nursing. Primary
prevention is used to protect the organism before it encounters a harmful
stressor reducing the possibility of encountering the stressor or strengthening
the organism to decrease it’s reaction to stressor. Secondary
prevention
attempts to reduce the effect or possible effects of stressors through early
diagnosis and effective treatment of symptoms. Tertiary prevention attempts to
the residual stressor effects after treatment.
1966, Virginia Henderson’s definition of the unique junction of nursing
was a major stepping stone in the emergence of nursing as a discipline separate
from medicine. Like Nightingale, Henderson describes nursing on relation to the
client and the client’s environment. Unlike Nightingale, Henderson sees the nurse
as concerned with both healthy and ill individuals.
Henderson conceptualizes the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy
individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs:
• Breathe normally.
• Eat and drink adequately.
• Eliminate body wastes.
• Move and maintain desirable postures.
• Sleep and rest.
• Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
• Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment
• Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument
• Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
• Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
• Worship according to one’s faith.
• Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
• Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
• Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.
The first 9 components are physiological. The tenth and fourteenth are psychological aspects of communicating and learning The eleventh component is spiritual and moral. The twelfth and thirteenth components are sociologically oriented to occupation and recreation.
In 1971, Joyce Travelbee declared, “a nurse does not only seek to alleviate pain or render physical care – she ministers to the whole person. The existence of suffering whether physical, mental, or spiritual is the proper concern of the nurse”.