A reflux condenser was assembled using a 25-mL round-bottom flask, hot plate, and aluminum block. It was equipped with a drying tube filled with calcium chloride to control vapors. Approximately 2.5 mL of isopentyl alcohol was massed and placed in the round-bottom flask that contained a stir bar. Using the same graduated cylinder, about 3.5 mL of glacial acetic acid was added to the flask. A calibrated Pasteur pipet was used to add 0.5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to the flask and the flask was mixed immediately. The flask was connected to the apparatus and covered with aluminum foil to help retain heat. Using rubber tubing, water was circulated into the lower attachment and out the top attachment and the mixture was brought to a boil. After heating under reflux for 60-75 minutes, the flask was removed from the heating source and left to cool down to room temperature. The reaction mixture from the flask was transferred to a culture tube and 5-mL of water was added. Upon addition of water, careful shaking, and occasional venting, the phases separated and the lower aqueous layer was removed and discarded. Using the same procedure as explained above with water, 2.5 mL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added and the lower aqueous layer was again removed and discarded. The same procedure was repeated one last time with 2.5 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride and the lower aqueous layer was removed and discarded, leaving behind the crude ester. The crude ester was transferred to…
We placed the zinc inside the beaker and slowly poured the hydrochloric acid into the beaker. As soon as the acid entered the beaker, there was a sizzling sound and bubbles started to form as we add more of the substance in. When the bubbles were forming, we could see a steam of gas coming out of the beaker. After 10 minutes, we noticed bits of zinc were floating on top of the hydrochloric acid and lining the beaker. I lifted the beaker and felt the bottom and it felt warm, which meant the reaction was still happening. After 20 minutes, we added water into the zinc and hydrochloric acid to stop the reaction and we observed a slight cloudy colour (still clear) forming as we slowly pour the water in the beaker.…
Discussion: This lab could have been improved by performing the lab simulation multiple times and the data averaged out to reduce the percentage error. The results of this lab correspond to the rules of Boyle’s law, the volume of the container decreased as the pressure increased while the temperature remained the same.…
Coal mining, particularly surface mining, leads to large areas of land being temporarily disturbed. The mine workings collect and conduct water that is in contact with the widespread pyrite, a mineral that produces iron and sulfuric acid when exposed to air and water. In this lab, you will see first-hand the reasons why mine drainage can be harmful to the local drainage system if left untreated.…
This element was discovered by Friedrich ernst Dorn a German Chemistry. It was founded in 1900. It was discovered while studying Radion Dk chain.…
Experiment 1: Bromination of Acetanilide1 Precautions: Ethanol is flammable Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizing agent and releases toxic fumes (handle in fume hood) Acetic acid is corrosive, harmful if inhaled, flammable and can cause burns (handle in fume hood) Gloves are recommended to avoid chemical contact with skin Reaction Scheme: Conversion of acetanilide to p-bromoacetanilide…
Robert Hooke (1665): observed dead cells from bark Anton van Leeuwenhoek: described living cells Matthias Schleiden: plant issues Theodor Schwann: animal tissues…
Daniel Parks Freshman Studies Term II Critical Analysis and Milgram’s Response Obedience to Authority and the obedience experiments that produced Stanley Milgram’s famous book have produced almost equal amounts of surprise, curiosity and criticism. The criticism of social psychologist John Darley and playwright Dannie Abse are each representative of the general criticism Milgram has received; Darley focuses on whether the study has any relevance to real world events (such as the Holocaust), and Abse focuses on justification of the experiment, i.e. was the study worth doing in spite of the deception employed and its potential harm to the subjects. To Milgram, this criticism demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of the goals and implications of the obedience study, to which he has responded by restating the goal of the experiment and explaining its beneficial effects upon the subjects.…
Rudolph Virchow discovered several things about cells. In 1855, he discovered that all cells come from other cells. Although he wasn't the first person to state this. Virchow was just the first person who was believed and taken seriously about it. Another discovery was identifying and naming leukemia while performing an autopsy. Also, he said that people's health would improve with better living conditions, eating habits, and cleanliness.…
Yale University psychologist, Stanley Milgram, conducted an experiment in 1961 focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on "obedience" - that they were just following orders from their superiors. Milgram's experiment, which he told his participants was about learning, was to have participants (teacher) question another participant (learner), and when the learner got a question wrong the teacher would shock the learner. For every question wrong, the teacher would increase the amount of volts used in the shock. Of course the experiment was actually about obedience, the learner was an experimenter, and the shock was faked (McLeod). Milgram's was one of the first psychology experiments to use…
The Little Albert Experiment was conducted and published in 1920. This experiment happened at Johns Hopkins University by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. The study was conducted to prove that there was evidence of classical conditioning in humans making them fear things, such as white mice, by the unconditioned fear of loud noises. Watson felt that fear was learned and that children were not born with it, and he wanted to find support for that. He believed that fear was innate and caused by unconditioned responses, and that if he used that classic conditioning, he could cause a child to fear some other thing that most children aren’t typically afraid of.…
Jane Elliott’s Class divided was a good lesson to show caucasian people how it feels to be African American in the segregated times in America. Elliot’s goal was to have white people realize that we are all human being and we should not be treated as less just based off of our skin color or any other personal characteristics. Personally, I feel the experiment was essential, especially with that young age group. Racism is a learned behavior that was developed throughout the white society. When children at a young and growing age learn how it feels to be discriminated against, they most likely would not carry it on to their adult life. The teacher is showing the children that they could possible play or live in harmony with African Americans because they are also human beings. The only thing that makes the African American and themselves different is an individual characteristic similar to eyes.…
Duncan MacDougall held an experiment to prove souls have weight. This was bad science therefore his experiment was invalid. In order to show that MacDougall’s experiment was poorly done, the testing of something supernatural, him trying to prove souls have weight, and only using four out of six tests are all seen as key factors.…
American astronaut Don Pettit discovered that by folding a pair of underpants into a sphere shape and stitching in some Russian toilet paper (which is thick, wool like gauze), this created a warmer environment for some tomato and basil seeds to start to sprout. Like their socks, underwear is only changed every 3-4 days so he figured the pants might provide some extra nutrients for the plants!…
In 1682, Nehemiah Grew saw green precipitates in leaves, this lead to the first report of the existence of chloroplasts. After the discovery of this organelle, many experiments were attempted, but not any succeeded. In 1771 the light-dependent production of oxygen by plants was discovered by Joseph Priestley. He conducted an experiment by putting a mouse in an enclosed glass jar in which there was a burning candle and the mouse died, but when a plant was put in the jar with a candle, it lived. The plant lived by the process of photosynthesis. One leaf could contain up to 50 to 100 chloroplast. In 1649, Jan Baptista Van Helmont began by transplanting the shoot of a young willow tree into a large bucket of…