Key Elements Of Deception Research Paper
Richard D. Radabough
CJ 3050-001
May 1, 2013
Key Elements of Deception Being able to identify deception is a very important trait to have when conducting an interview or interrogation. Deception is to ensnare or to give false claim to something. For an interviewer this is a key element to have so that one can find the truth to what happened when and where the crime took place. So when conducting an interview or interrogation the interviewer must watch for key signs and specific elements to detect deceit by the interviewee. When approaching an interview or interrogation, methods and steps must be followed in order to detect deceit. A promising new approach to interviewing is called inferential interviewing. This method detects deception …show more content…
by analyzing statement characteristics and making a question by question analysis. When using inferential interviewing method, interviewers have found that people can recall what happened accurately and their statement accuracy is above 80 percent. Compared to structural interviews with 62 percent accuracy and cognitive interviews at 68 percent success (Gosselin, 2007). The first factor in determining whether a statement is deceptive when using inferential interview is statement coherence (Gosselin, 2007).
A statement should make simple since and should be easy to follow along with what happened. Also, the statement cannot violate the rules of nature or contradict itself. This step is an inspection for dishonesty includes a statement as an entire. So does what an interviewee says make since and sound complete? The conversation should definitely have a flow to it and an ease about getting the information needed. The next step to the method of inferential interview is the response length of someone’s speech. Deception is highly motivated when paired with short response time. Also, speech errors and slow rate of speech is related to deception in a person. Behaviors such as these are also known as verbal leakage (Gosselin, 2007). Verbal leakage happens unconsciously and it is an indicator of deceit in an interview. Follow up questions can easily stumble up a liar and can lead to confusion. A skilled interviewer with the ability to detect deceit by this particular method would definitely be …show more content…
beneficial. Last steps to inferential interview is verbal hedging and type token ratio. Type token ratio deals with the difference between spoken and written words. Verbal hedging is when someone is buying additional time to answer a question in a conversation. Using words like um, uh, or and like are identifying words to verbal hedging. In the interview words like these should be counted and noted. When those type words are used an interviewer can gauge the level of deceit. Claiming a lack of memory and offering extraneous information are ways to avoid committing to the statement (Gosselin, 2007). The CIA has used deception in missions to achieve success on the battlefield.
According to a study performed by the CIA out of 50 missions conducted 17 far out succeeded their objectives when deception was used. Also, out of 50 battles fought without the advantage of initial surprise or deception, 30 ended in defeat for the initiators, and only one substantially exceeded the attacking commander 's expectations. The average mean casualty ratio in favor of the attacking force was 1-to-15 when deception was achieved, but only 1-to-1.7 without deception. How, then, to achieve the desired deception? The classic security precautions? Dr. Whaley finds that in 61 battles which achieved strategic deception, this could be attributed to passive security measures by the attacking force in only four instances. Of 54 cases of tactical deception, seven at most could be attributed to effective security (Deception, 1996). Deception, however, was either the main cause or a significant factor in 82% of all cases of strategic deception, and 57% of the tactical deception. "The greater the effort put into the deception plan," Dr. Whaley notes, "the greater the degree of surprise
gained."
The American Psychological Association has done some research detecting deception and links lying with such facial and bodily cues as increased pupil size and lip pressing but not with blinking or posture. Telling a little white lie may on occasion soothe ruffled social feathers, but covering up a murder plot or withholding information on terrorist cells can devastate individuals and society at large. Yet detecting deception often stumps the most experienced police officers, judges, customs officials and other forensic professionals. Research has shown that even agents from the FBI, CIA and Drug Enforcement Agency don 't do much better than chance in telling liars from truth-tellers (Adelson, 2004). To tell the truth, facial expressions aren 't the only clue. Deception is a social act involving language and researchers are also studying liars ' verbal with written output to find distinctive patterns. Fewer first-person pronouns are used by liars to avoid statements of ownership, distance themselves from their stories and avoid taking responsibility for their behavior. More negative emotion words such as hate, worthless and sad are also used by people not telling the truth. Liars are generally more anxious and sometimes feel guilty. Fewer exclusionary words like except, but or nor words that indicate that writers distinguish what they did from what they did not do. Liars seem to have a problem with this difficulty and it shows in their writing.
So using different types of methods to interview or interrogate an individual is very important to have when examining deceit. An interviewer can use such methods for example inferential interview to detect when someone is lying or not telling the complete story. Different tactics can be used to deploy deceit to confuse the enemy on the battlefield. The military uses deception to its advantage to overcome the enemy where as a dishonest person will use it to confuse or to ensnare people in their web of lies. Being able to detect deceit or identify when someone is lying, would be a valued trait for an interviewer to obtain.
Works Cited
Adelson, R. (2004). Detecting Deception. American Pychological Association, 70.
DAVID MATSUMOTO, P. H. (2011, June). Evaluating Truthfulness and Detecting Deception. Retrieved from FBI: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/june_2011/school_violence
Deception. (1996, July 2). Retrieved from CIA: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol16no4/html/v17i1a05p_0001.htm
Gosselin, D. K. (2007). Smart Talk. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.
CJ 3050-001
May 1, 2013
Key Elements of Deception Being able to identify deception is a very important trait to have when conducting an interview or interrogation. Deception is to ensnare or to give false claim to something. For an interviewer this is a key element to have so that one can find the truth to what happened when and where the crime took place. So when conducting an interview or interrogation the interviewer must watch for key signs and specific elements to detect deceit by the interviewee. When approaching an interview or interrogation, methods and steps must be followed in order to detect deceit. A promising new approach to interviewing is called inferential interviewing. This method detects deception …show more content…
by analyzing statement characteristics and making a question by question analysis. When using inferential interviewing method, interviewers have found that people can recall what happened accurately and their statement accuracy is above 80 percent. Compared to structural interviews with 62 percent accuracy and cognitive interviews at 68 percent success (Gosselin, 2007). The first factor in determining whether a statement is deceptive when using inferential interview is statement coherence (Gosselin, 2007).
A statement should make simple since and should be easy to follow along with what happened. Also, the statement cannot violate the rules of nature or contradict itself. This step is an inspection for dishonesty includes a statement as an entire. So does what an interviewee says make since and sound complete? The conversation should definitely have a flow to it and an ease about getting the information needed. The next step to the method of inferential interview is the response length of someone’s speech. Deception is highly motivated when paired with short response time. Also, speech errors and slow rate of speech is related to deception in a person. Behaviors such as these are also known as verbal leakage (Gosselin, 2007). Verbal leakage happens unconsciously and it is an indicator of deceit in an interview. Follow up questions can easily stumble up a liar and can lead to confusion. A skilled interviewer with the ability to detect deceit by this particular method would definitely be …show more content…
beneficial. Last steps to inferential interview is verbal hedging and type token ratio. Type token ratio deals with the difference between spoken and written words. Verbal hedging is when someone is buying additional time to answer a question in a conversation. Using words like um, uh, or and like are identifying words to verbal hedging. In the interview words like these should be counted and noted. When those type words are used an interviewer can gauge the level of deceit. Claiming a lack of memory and offering extraneous information are ways to avoid committing to the statement (Gosselin, 2007). The CIA has used deception in missions to achieve success on the battlefield.
According to a study performed by the CIA out of 50 missions conducted 17 far out succeeded their objectives when deception was used. Also, out of 50 battles fought without the advantage of initial surprise or deception, 30 ended in defeat for the initiators, and only one substantially exceeded the attacking commander 's expectations. The average mean casualty ratio in favor of the attacking force was 1-to-15 when deception was achieved, but only 1-to-1.7 without deception. How, then, to achieve the desired deception? The classic security precautions? Dr. Whaley finds that in 61 battles which achieved strategic deception, this could be attributed to passive security measures by the attacking force in only four instances. Of 54 cases of tactical deception, seven at most could be attributed to effective security (Deception, 1996). Deception, however, was either the main cause or a significant factor in 82% of all cases of strategic deception, and 57% of the tactical deception. "The greater the effort put into the deception plan," Dr. Whaley notes, "the greater the degree of surprise
gained."
The American Psychological Association has done some research detecting deception and links lying with such facial and bodily cues as increased pupil size and lip pressing but not with blinking or posture. Telling a little white lie may on occasion soothe ruffled social feathers, but covering up a murder plot or withholding information on terrorist cells can devastate individuals and society at large. Yet detecting deception often stumps the most experienced police officers, judges, customs officials and other forensic professionals. Research has shown that even agents from the FBI, CIA and Drug Enforcement Agency don 't do much better than chance in telling liars from truth-tellers (Adelson, 2004). To tell the truth, facial expressions aren 't the only clue. Deception is a social act involving language and researchers are also studying liars ' verbal with written output to find distinctive patterns. Fewer first-person pronouns are used by liars to avoid statements of ownership, distance themselves from their stories and avoid taking responsibility for their behavior. More negative emotion words such as hate, worthless and sad are also used by people not telling the truth. Liars are generally more anxious and sometimes feel guilty. Fewer exclusionary words like except, but or nor words that indicate that writers distinguish what they did from what they did not do. Liars seem to have a problem with this difficulty and it shows in their writing.
So using different types of methods to interview or interrogate an individual is very important to have when examining deceit. An interviewer can use such methods for example inferential interview to detect when someone is lying or not telling the complete story. Different tactics can be used to deploy deceit to confuse the enemy on the battlefield. The military uses deception to its advantage to overcome the enemy where as a dishonest person will use it to confuse or to ensnare people in their web of lies. Being able to detect deceit or identify when someone is lying, would be a valued trait for an interviewer to obtain.
Works Cited
Adelson, R. (2004). Detecting Deception. American Pychological Association, 70.
DAVID MATSUMOTO, P. H. (2011, June). Evaluating Truthfulness and Detecting Deception. Retrieved from FBI: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/june_2011/school_violence
Deception. (1996, July 2). Retrieved from CIA: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol16no4/html/v17i1a05p_0001.htm
Gosselin, D. K. (2007). Smart Talk. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.