Interactions with indigenous people: After living with Native Americans for six years, Cabeza de Vaca had undergone a change of mind, coming to regard Native Americans as men. For the historian David Howard, a key factor in Cabeza de Vaca’s understanding of the Native Americans’ humanness was religion as he beheld his need for God, he saw that same need among the Native Americans as well, opening his eyes to their shared humanity.…
The fifteenth-century Renaissance and the beginnings of European exploration, conquest, and colonization are part of the same narrativeone in which culture, science, religion, politics, and power are inextricably intertwined. Innovations in science and technology made long-distance travel and exploration possible. The desire of rulers for wealth and power financed conquest, and the desire of the Roman Catholic church for converts provided religious motivation for the subjection of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Upon reaching Central Mexico, Spanish explorers found themselves confronted with the Nahua people, commonly known as Aztecs, of whom the largest tribe was the Mexica. Stuart B. Schwartz's Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico contains opposing versions of the defeat and destruction of the flourishing sixteenth-century civilization of the Nahua.…
America was first conquered by the conquistadors. What was not expected was the harshness and savageness of the native population of the Americas. One Spanish Explorer, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was such an explorer who documented his 8 years with a group of Native Americans known as the Karankawas. In his narrative, De Vaca, diminishes the stereotype of what Europeans believed the Native Americans were.…
To underline another significant point, these native Indians are totally defenseless, and vulnerable to every single dangerous attack by the Spaniards. When Indians flee to mountains, these inhuman, cruel Spanish captains pursue them with fierce dogs to attack and tear them into several pieces. In addition to that, if Indians kill only one Christian, they would kill a hundred Indians in return. This is the misconception of our modern times that one individual feels himself superior to other, this one to that, that one to this; thus there occurs hierarchical relationships which can not be changed easily.…
Bartoleme de las Casas was born on 1484 in Sevilla, Spain. In 1502 he left for Hispaniola to spread the word of Christianity and monitor the progress of religion in that area. Once there he witnessed the brutal treatment of the indigenous people. He continued to participate in the conquest for an additional twelve years. After his services, he was rewarded with territory and indigenous people of his own. Once he met the gentle people, Las Casas realized that the way the Spaniards treated the Native Americans was inhumane. He sailed back to Spain to defend the people and plead for their better treatment. After this, Las Casa believed that “both Spaniards and indigenous communities could build a new civilization in American together” (Pagden).…
The articles that were assigned were accounts from Spanish men who actually lived during the 1700’s to the mid 1800’s, and their impact on the Indians. They were able to document different situations in which the Natives were exploited or abused, although some portions of the readings like the one by Father Junipero of the San Diego Mission, or that of Captain Alejandro Malaspina are completely one sided. Both make it seem to the reader like the Natives were uncivilized and didn’t have a fear of God until they were taught about it. Father Junipero’s account details burning of the San Diego mission at the hands of a large amount of gentiles, as he calls the Indians. Captain Alejandro’s account only names the positive influence that the Catholicism had in converting “savages.” There is also a segment in which the assassination of a Priest by Santa Cruz Indians is described in detail.…
Most of the beginning of American history seems like a race of conquest between the Spaniards and Europeans with Native Americans caught in the crossfire. A seemingly peaceful group of people, the Native Americans were under constant attack from the moment settlers arrived into their territory. Historians can pull from first-hand accounts and primary sources to piece together the history of this nation. One Spainard exploratory mission wrecked off the coast of Florida with about 400 men (OTP S1-6, OTP 22). After long battles and shipwrecks, the expedition was cut short and only four men survived, one an African slave and Spanish explorer named Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. De Vaca wrote a narrative explaining his encounters with Native Americans who had never seen white or black people before. De Vaca described the Indians as “war like people…and protect themselves from their enemies as they would have if they had been raised in Italy and in continuous war” (OTP S1-6). He explains in his narrative…
Columbus viewed the Indians as very generous and kind people. However De Las Casas refuses to see Indians are just like Columbus said. He feels or wants to mistake the Indians’ kindness for a weakness, easily manipulate them into enslavement, and do all these cruel and inhumane things to the Indians. De Las Casas and the Christians on the island of Hispaniola began their destruction. Families were being broken up, women and suckling children were being separated. In analysis this very thing is happening in modern times such as terrorism that has people fearing for their lives. Casas stated, “For everyone Christian that the Indians slew, the Christians would slay an hundred Indians” (69). Shockingly De Las Casas was one of the ones that introduced Africans to slavery as well (67). However De Las Casas plan didn’t go as plan for very long because people like Spanish emperor Charles V followed suit with the New Laws of the Indies, which gave Indians full protection and forbade enslavement on any…
The difference of religion is important where the Native Americans religion is based on nature as well as how natural landscapes and natural object contained super-natural meaning and “power”. For example, the Jesuits have “power” to cause illness, which gained respect from the Native…
During the Pueblo Revolt the Indians used measures of destruction and cleansing in order to win back their new freedom in which religion played a large role. After being stripped from their identities and religion, in 1680, under Spanish rule the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico revolted in a victorious uprising [pg.10]. This was a result of centuries of careless exploitation of the land and its people which eliminated more than half of a thriving population. Nonetheless, the Spanish did not see colonization or forced conversion on religion as a big deal compared to the “crimes” the Indians…
The question about Christianity and its full acceptance into Indigenous communities continues to linger on a fine line of whether Indigenous communities came to a consensus of compromising with the new religion or simply eradicating it by refusing to leave behind their traditional ways of believing and creating “spiritual” consciousness. Some scholars such as, Kevin Terraciano, in his chapter, “The People of Two Hearts and the One God from Castile,” argue that Christianity was not only rejected by acts of continuing Indigenous religious practices, but also mocked because it was thought to be a lie and inferior to the Indigenous people in Yanhuitlan and Coatlan; this new religion did not coincide with theirs . On the other hand, in her book, Biography of A Mexican Crucifx, Jennifer Hughes comes to conclude that Indigenous communities accepted Christianity through their own modes of seeing parallel paradigms of their life with the life of religious images such as the Cristo Aparecido from Totolapan. They came to see this image as a representation of their suffering , their colonial journey and their need for finding religious meaning in a newly evangelized land.…
This tract, a summary of a debate concerning the subjugation of Indians, contains the arguments of Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, and Juan Gines Sepulveda, an influential Spanish philosopher, concerning the treatment of American Indians in the New World.…
The relationships between Americans and Indians began centuries ago with the first settlers and continue to this day, but as we know they certainly have changed. The European Americans were naïve to believe that they could come to this “New World” and take whatever they saw fit as theirs, but without this narcissistic attitude we wouldn’t have the history we study today. In this essay we are going to examine the writings of Alvarez Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Mary Rowlandson, John Smith, and William Bradford to see where their relationships began, how they developed and how they have changed throughout history. For years the Indians lived in this country with little or no problems, but as we read this was soon to change. They were characterized in unflattering ways often described as savages, beasts, and uncivilized and as we examine the texts will see both sides come to light. We are also going to examine the positives and negatives that were experienced, the treatment of both the Indians and the Americans, and the relationships that existed.…
'for the world of the caribbean the arrival of Columbus constituted a major turning point…
Numerous individuals know how Columbus As a collective group of individuals, we learn of those who have lived before us – from the discovery of the West Indies to the interaction of the natives and colonist. However, even when the colonists have discovered these lands, it has been unclear as to which group of natives has been affected the most due to the arrival of the Spanish. As historians and their books have recorded, Columbus “discovered” the West Indies and its inhabitants in 1492. These natives were called “Indians” by Columbus. The native groups that the colonists have initially encountered were the Taino who inhabited what is now known as Haiti and Dominican Republic and the Mexica (Aztecs) who lived in the valleys of Mexico. When both groups are taken into consideration, the Tainos were the most affected by the Spanish arrival. This due to the fact that the Spanish conquistadors changing the hierarchy, total population, the structures of the Taino life have all been accustomed to before coming into contact with the colonist.…