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Le travail contribue-t-il à unir les hommes ou à les diviser ?

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Le travail contribue-t-il à unir les hommes ou à les diviser ?
* Toute société humaine travaille. Mais s'interroger sur les effets, d'union ou de division, de ce travail, nécessite une analyse de la réalité du travail dans son organisation. Or il semble qu'une forme sexuelle de division du travail intervienne primitivement - à partir de laquelle la société paraît bien divisée, même si ses parties sont complémentaires. Cette complémentarité ne se transforme-t-elle pas historiquement ?

* Lorsque Platon évoque l'apparition du travail, c'est pour souligner qu'il apporte à l'humanité de quoi satisfaire ses besoins et vivre harmonieusement. Dans cette interprétation première, le fait de travailler donne au groupe une cohésion, qui se trouve renforcée par l'instauration des échanges de produits. Ces derniers ne tardent pas à être augmentés grâce à une division des tâches qui accroît la production, tout en la facilitant pour chacun puisqu'il n'accomplit qu'un type de travail et peut s'y perfectionner.

* Mais on doit noter que Platon, lorsqu'il envisage la constitution de sa Cité idéale, réserve le travail matériel à la classe inférieure (et aux esclaves, même s'il les évoque peu). On peut admettre que philosophes et soldats se consacrent à des tâches plus nobles, ou à des travaux intellectuels, il n'en reste pas

moins que ce travail divisé va de pair avec une hiérarchie sociale qui, pour un esprit moderne, correspond à une division des hommes (même si pour Platon elle garantit à sa manière l'unité supérieure de la cité). Doit-on en conclure que le travail, nécessairement divisé, entraîne obligatoirement une telle division sociale ?

* Pour sa part, Rousseau envisage aussi un moment initial de la production humaine n'impliquant pas encore de séparation entre catégories. Mais cet âge d'or ne dure pas : la mise en place des premières sociétés, heureuses, est perturbée par une inégalité physique qui aboutit à une inégalité de la production, des échanges, des propriétés et des richesses. Une fois encore les hommes se divisent (en riches

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