Lipids In Cell Membranes
BASIC CHEMISTRY 1. What is the difference between being ionized and being polar? When ionized the atom will either lose or gain electrons. A polarized molecule has an overall neutral charge with positive and negative sides such as H2O. 2. Compare macromolecules to Monomers; complete the chart below Example of a Macromolecule | Corresponding Monomer | polysaccharide | monosaccharide | lipids | glycerol, fatty acid | protein | Amino acids | nucleic acid | necleotides | CARBOHYDRATES 1. List the three main groups of carbohydrates. The three main group of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides 2. Play the animation of dehydration synthesis. What two monosaccarides did you start with? What
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disaccharide was produced? What molecule was created as a bi-product? The dehydration synthesis started with two glucose molecules, an H+ ion and an OH- ion were released creating Maltose and water as a bi-product. 3. Four types of polysaccarides are mentioned on this page, name them. Which are found in animals? The four types of polysaccaries are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Glycogen is found in animals, chitin is found in arthropods. Starch and cellulose is found in plants.
LIPIDS
Neutral Fats: 1. Play the animation of fatty acids being attached to the glycerol backbone by dehydration synthesis. When making one (lipid) triglyceride, how many molecules of water are formed? The process of making a triglyceride results in the release of a H+ ion and an OH- ion creating one molecule of water. Phospholipids and the Cell Membrane 1. Name the four parts to a phospholipid molecule A phospholipid contains a polar head group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails, which are usually fatty acids. 2. Play the animation of phospholipids being immersed in water. Why do the tails float in the water pointing up? What happens when a second layer of phospholipids are added? The tails float in the water pointing up because that is the hydrophobic side, when another layer is added the hydrophilic tails face downwards creating a phospholipid bilayer. 3.
Which of the following are also found in the cell membrane: lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates? What is the role of steroids in a cell membrane?
Cell membranes contain all three of the above groups, lipids are found abundantly in cell membranes, steroids are a type of lipids which helps with membrane fluidity by restricting the motion of the fatty acid tails.
PROTEINS
1. Scroll down to proteins. List the six functions of proteins listed. What are the units of a protein and how are they connected? Proteins can be categorized into transport, hormonal, receptor, enzyme, regulatory, and structural proteins. The basic unit of a protein is an amino acid. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. 2. Proteins can be small or large. The larger they get causes them to fold. List the four types of structures in which they can fold. Since they are held in this folded place by hydrogen bonds, what is it called when you heat a protein and ruin its structure? Proteins fold in a primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Each structure is a combination of the ones before it. When these folds are damaged, denaturing
occurs. 3. What does it say determines the final shape of a protein? The final shape of a protein is based on it’s primary structure which is the amino acid monomer, coded by our DNA.
disaccharide was produced? What molecule was created as a bi-product? The dehydration synthesis started with two glucose molecules, an H+ ion and an OH- ion were released creating Maltose and water as a bi-product. 3. Four types of polysaccarides are mentioned on this page, name them. Which are found in animals? The four types of polysaccaries are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Glycogen is found in animals, chitin is found in arthropods. Starch and cellulose is found in plants.
LIPIDS
Neutral Fats: 1. Play the animation of fatty acids being attached to the glycerol backbone by dehydration synthesis. When making one (lipid) triglyceride, how many molecules of water are formed? The process of making a triglyceride results in the release of a H+ ion and an OH- ion creating one molecule of water. Phospholipids and the Cell Membrane 1. Name the four parts to a phospholipid molecule A phospholipid contains a polar head group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails, which are usually fatty acids. 2. Play the animation of phospholipids being immersed in water. Why do the tails float in the water pointing up? What happens when a second layer of phospholipids are added? The tails float in the water pointing up because that is the hydrophobic side, when another layer is added the hydrophilic tails face downwards creating a phospholipid bilayer. 3.
Which of the following are also found in the cell membrane: lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates? What is the role of steroids in a cell membrane?
Cell membranes contain all three of the above groups, lipids are found abundantly in cell membranes, steroids are a type of lipids which helps with membrane fluidity by restricting the motion of the fatty acid tails.
PROTEINS
1. Scroll down to proteins. List the six functions of proteins listed. What are the units of a protein and how are they connected? Proteins can be categorized into transport, hormonal, receptor, enzyme, regulatory, and structural proteins. The basic unit of a protein is an amino acid. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. 2. Proteins can be small or large. The larger they get causes them to fold. List the four types of structures in which they can fold. Since they are held in this folded place by hydrogen bonds, what is it called when you heat a protein and ruin its structure? Proteins fold in a primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Each structure is a combination of the ones before it. When these folds are damaged, denaturing
occurs. 3. What does it say determines the final shape of a protein? The final shape of a protein is based on it’s primary structure which is the amino acid monomer, coded by our DNA.